Transcript the chili agronomy

THE CHILI AGRONOMY
Objective: By the end of this session participants
will be able to understand the practical and
scientific chili agronomy.
Introduction.
In Africa, chili is mostly produced in Malawi,
south Africa. Ghana, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Kenya
and Uganda
While
in Uganda, Its grown in Northern region in
district of Lira, Alebtong and in West Nile-Nebbi,
Arua and parts of Zombo.
THE PREFERRED ABC VARIETY
1. ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS
(a) Soils:
 It can be grown in variety of soils if well
drained and at least 30cm deep with Ph
range 5.8-6.5.
 Light sand to heavy clay ideally suited for
well drained aerated and light-medium
texture sand loams.
(b)Temperature
All capsicums with chili grow very slow
below 15৹C and are frost sensitive
Cont. Ecological Requirements
(c)Temperature range between 2432৹C is required while beyond 32৹
interferes with fruit setting.
(d)Wind: Strong winds can damage
chili therefore, wind breaks are
needed in some areas.
CONT… ECOLOGICAL REQ….
(d)Rain fall:
An
optimum of 600-1200mm required
per year. Excess rains cause stunted
growth, flower abortion, fruit drops and
falling of plants.
2. SITE SELECTION
Site should not be intercropped with
any solanum related crops e.g.
Tomatoes, green peppers, egg plants,
sweet potato black night shade.
 Site close to water source is an
advantage but not requirement.
Follow contour lines on slopes.
3. CROP PLANNING
In rain dependent areas, time
planting with rain season.
Plan field to enable crop rotation,
fertility maintenance and disease
control.

4.NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT
(a)




Site selection
Choose a site with rich friable soil.
Till well to loosen the soil
Choose an area near water source.
Choose an area protected from stray
animals.
If possible, use an unfarmed land.
CONT.. OF NURSERY ESTABLISHMENT
(b) Preparation and sowing
Soil bed, 1m wide, 15cm high and
10cm long
Till until when soil is fine
Sterilize soil by burning dry vegetation
and cover polythene for 1-3 months to
kill soil pathogens.
PHOTOS OF GAP IN CHILI PRO.
Oyoo Oliba Roska
Nursery in Opia
ARUDIFA Nursery
Site
(C) NURSERY MANAGEMENT
 Water every morning and evening and check
soil before water.
 Construct shade of 5o% before seeds
germinate
 Monitor for pests and diseases regularly and
react accordingly
 Most common disease is dumping off
 Pests like aphids, thrips, leaf rollers and white
flies are common.
 Germination takes 1-3 weeks depending on
moisture content and depth of sowing
At
4 weeks, start hardening off.
EFFECTIVE TRANSPLANTING
5. SEED BED PREPARATION
Plough
deeply or double dig 2-3 weeks
before, harrow well in dry weather to
eliminate most perennial weeds like
coach grass etch
6. Transplanting
Transplant after 5-6 weeks when seeds
are 6-10cm .
Fertilize with manure at 10 tones pers
acre.
CONTI. OF TRANSPLANTING
Transplanting
should be done during
rain season or irrigate before planting
and after.
Space at 1 square meter
Seedling rate per acre is 4000 plants
and 1000 per quarter.
Mulch crop immediately after rains as
it reduces time spent at first weeding.
6. INTERCROPPING CHILI
Omugo,
Aiivu, Katri, Bileafe and
Logiri small scale holders intercrop
chili with coffee, banana, beans and
groundnuts.
 While in Maracha District in Yivu,
Tara and parts of Oleba, farmers
intercrop with coffee and bananas
n West Nile districts of Arua in
7. WEED MANAGEMENT
Mulch
chili plants to suppress weeds.
Weeds compete for nutrient and water
with plants. Common weeds in west
Nile include coach grass, star grass
etc.
8. FERTILIZER APPLICATION
o Inorganic
fertilizers like NPK can be
used to plant chili
o Fertilizers like SSP and TSP are good
for root systems, Nitrogen effective for
leaves and stems while potassium good
at fruit formation
o Compost is a good source of nitrogen
while cow dung, coffee husks and wood
ash have higher levels of potassium
EFFECTIVE WEED MANAGEMENT
9. PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL
(a)
Aphids. They are tinny insects that
feed on sap of tender leaves of chili
and hind behind the l
Control: Crush 0.5kgs of dried chili
and mix in 20 liters of water and
spray after every two weeks after
complete scouting
CONT…OF PESTS
(
b) Thrips, spider mites (sucking
insects), white flies(Sucking)
 These
are sucking pests and are very
common during dry season or dry spells.
A
solution of Karate EC (30 mls/20
liters of water) apply twice a week
during dry season when highly infested
to control mites and thrips.
SOME COMMON INSECT PESTS OF CHILI
10. DISEASES
(a)
Damping
off
(Pythium
aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani,
Fusarium spp., and Phytophthora spp.)
Control:- 1. seed treatment with Captan
or Thiram @ 2g/kg seed.
(b) Blight (Alternaria solani):- dark and
leathery spots appear on the leaves and
defoliation occur.
Control:- spray Dithane M-45 (0.2%)
and repeat after 10 days interval.
Dumping off
Die back
Blight
BLIGHT MANAGEMENT
Practice
crop rotation other done
solonaceae family
Avoid poorly drained soils
Use fungicide like mancozeb
Destroy plant residues
Use clean equipments
Remove infected plants
CONTINUATION OF SET BACKS
Flower and fruit drop:- due to high
temperature and low humidity, low
light intensity, short day and high
temperature.
Control:- a). Give light and frequent
irrigation at flowering and fruit set
stages.
3.
11.HARVESTING
This
is the most labor intensive activity
in chili production.
Chili yields 300-600gms of fresh
produce or about 180-200gms of dried
chili per plant per year or (1200-1400
tones per acre of fresh ABC or 0.7-08
tones of dry ABC)
A laborer is estimated to pick 6kgs per
day.
CONTINUATION
ripens with “bright red” color for
picking and continues to ripen in 30-60
days.
It’s the initial quality control point that
has direct impact on the market and
income of a farmer.
A premature chili ripens with greenish
red color and maintains the color at dry
stage that affects the marketing.
Chili
Chili
irritate the nose , eye and skin
Women an children are the most
involved in harvesting.
12. POST HARVEST
Post
harvest if not properly handled can
affect qualitative and qualitative losses
at different stages right from harvesting,
on-farm transportation, processing,
storage, grading and packaging.
(a) Transportation

Involve transportation during cool
hours of the day.

Avoid overfilling the container for
transportation
(B) DRYING
 M.C
at harvesting is 45-80% and 10%
M.C is recommended when dry.
 Merits of drying.
 Properly drying maintains the red color
of the fruit.
 Prevents losses and wastage from
rotting/molding common with fresh
products.
CONTINUATION OF MERITS.
Drying effects value addition for better
price and increases self life.
Easier to handle than fresh
Drying reduces the weight hence
making transportation easy
(I) DRYING METHODS
(a) Traditionally, farmers dry chili of
papyrus mats (omi or kodra), rocks
(katra), plate forms (kitanalo) and
smeared grounds with cow dung.
(b) Improves methods.
Drying on tarpaulins.
Raised plate forms.
CHILI DRYING IN SOLAR DRIERS

A DEMO SOLAR DRIER
A DEMO SOLAR DRIER
GENERAL CHALLENGES FACING FARMERS IN
PH HANDLING (FOR PARTICIPANT DISCUSSION)
Post harvest handling challenges
Lack of proper storage for the chili
produce during and after harvesting
Lack of proper packaging materials for
produce
Lack of proper drying facilities
CONTI.. OF CHALLENGES
Lack
of incentives and recognition for
“good quality”.
Knowledge and skills on how to
produce good quality chili by the
farmer are still low
There is a shortage of farmer-out-reach
and extension personnel to constantly
train and encourage farmers in the
chilli sector
Transport to markets.
CHILI MARKETING
Chili powder
Chili paste vendor in
Gulu town
Chili paste
STAKE HOLDERS ACTORS IN CHILI
UGANDA
MARKETING IN
CHILI VALUE CHAIN IN NORTHERN
UGANDA
PARTICIPANTS DISCUSS WHAT HAPPENS AT EACH
LEVEL IN GROUPS.
Assume a level where you are, what
will be your role?.
Four groups discuss and present within
10 minutes.
THE CHILI GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS AT
Sn Items/Activities FARMER
Quantity
Unit Cost
Amount
LEVEL
1 Seeds
300gms
200
6,000

2
Compost
200
50
10,000
3
Watering cans
1 can
9,000
9,000
3
Hoe
1 hoe
10,000
10,000
4
Bags
14 bags
1,200
16,800
Sub total
51,800
Labor requirements
6
Land
preparation
7
Transplanting
8
Weeding
9
Harvesting
1st
1 acre
180,000
180,000
2nd
1acre
140,000
140,000
1acre
140,000
80,000
1st
1 acre
120,000
120,000
2nd
1acre
120,000
120,000
1acre
400,000
400,000
1,040,000
CONTINUATION OF GROSS MARGIN
ANALYSIS (GMA)
Item/Activity
Quantity
Unit Cost Amount
Drying
Solar drier buying/
construction
300,000
300,000
Tarpaulin (Best quality)
2
100,000
200,000
Transport to market
1 trip
150,000
150,000
Loading and off loading
14 bags
1,000
14,000
Sub total
664,000
1,755,800
Total production costs
Revenue
Profit=Income-Tol .pdn.
cost
700
8,000
5,800,000
3,844,200
CHALLENGES FACED BY FARMERS IN CHILI MARKETING
 Lack
of proper handling tools and equipment:
some agents have old subserviced weighing
scales
 Lack of suitable storage facility at farmer/
buyer level
 Hygiene issues: being food, the hygiene of
chili at agent level should be tackled.
 Transport: Long distance to collection centers.
 Bad competition from one-off buyers.
 Selling produce with low moisture content by
farmers.
 Cheating by farmers to increase weight of
produce
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING TO ME

KEEP IT UP