Transcript AG-GH-PS-01.461-02.1p Horticulture_Terms_J_Green_July_2005

Horticulture Terms
Pope High School
Joe Green, Agriculture Teacher
July 2005
August 2008
Horticulture
• The ART of cultivating
fruits, nuts, vegetables, or
ornamental plants.
• Horti = garden
• Culture = garden culture
August 2008
Floriculture
• The cultivation of
ornamental flowering
plants.
August 2008
Botany
• The SCIENCE of plants to
include anatomy,
physiology and taxonomy.
August 2008
Pomology
• The science and practice of
growing, harvesting and
marketing tree fruits and nuts.
Olericulture
• The science and practice of
growing, harvesting and
marketing vegetables.
August 2008
Annual
• A plant which grows, flowers,
produces seeds, and dies in one
year. Must be replanted each year.
Perennial
• A plant that grows year after year
without replanting. A plant
whose roots lives year to year.
August 2008
Taxonomy
• The study of plant names and
the identification of plants.
Scientific name
• The Latin name of a plant giving
its genus and species.
August 2008
Medium
(Plural: Media)
• Any material, which is
used to start and grow,
seeds and plants.
August 2008
Seed coat
• The outer covering of a seed.
Endosperm
• The stored food supply for the
young developing seedling, which
is contained in the seed. (“rocket
fuel”)
Embryo (embryonic plant)
• The entire plant inside the seed
before germination.
August 2008
Hybrid
• An offspring of two
different varieties of one
plant type, which
possesses certain traits of
each plant type.
August 2008
Named varieties
• Specific individual strains
of one type of plant, which
have been named to
indicate their particular
traits.
August 2008
Cross Pollination
• A process in which pollen (male sex
cell) of one plant unites with the egg
(female sex cell) of a different plant.
Self Pollination
• Fertilization of a plant by its own
pollen. Male and female flower
parts on the same flower.
August 2008
Hardening Off
Process
• Gradually subjecting plants to
more difficult growing
conditions like withholding
water and decreasing
temperature, this prepares
plants for transplanting by
reducing transplant shock.
August 2008
Cotyledons vs. True
Leaves
• Cotyledons are the first set of
leaves that emerge from a seed
at germination.
• All other leaves are “true”
leaves.
• Cotyledons = “seed leaves”
August 2008
Seed Germination
• The miracle process when
seeds begin to sprout and
grow to begin a new plant
• Germination occurs when a
seed receives the correct
amounts of light, temperature
and water simultaneously.
August 2008
Plant Propagation
• The process of
reproducing or increasing
plants. Can be sexual or
asexual.
August 2008
Transpiration
• Loss of water through the
leaves or stems of plants.
Sort of like “sweating” 90% of
a plant’s water loss is here.
• A normal daily process of
plants. Higher water loss on
sunny days.
August 2008
Turgid
• A plant whose tissues are
swollen, filled with moisture.
Not wilted.
• Turgid plant = happy plant
August 2008
Node
• The “joint” of a stem, the swollen
place where leaves and buds are
attached. Roots form here when
cuttings are made.
Internode
• The space between the nodes on a
stem.
August 2008
Callus
• Mass of cells which forms
around the wounded area
of a plant to start the
healing process. Similar to
a “scab.” New roots will
form in this callus tissue.
August 2008
Softwood Cutting
• A cutting made from a stem whose
tissue is softer and not as mature as
the older wood.
Hardwood Cutting
• A cutting made from a current
seasons stem tissue, which is
mature or harder in texture.
August 2008
Rooting Hormone
• A plant chemical used to
help new cuttings to form
new roots faster.
• Sort of like a “steroid” to
enhance growth.
August 2008
Tissue Culture
• “micro-propagation”
• The process of reproducing
thousands of plants from a few
cells taken from the terminal bud
tissue of a plant.
• “test tube plants”
• Must have extremely sanitary
laboratory conditions for tissue
culture.
August 2008
Root Division
• The physical separation of roots to
form new plants from one “mother”
plant.
Terminal Tip Growth
• Softer tissue from the tip of the
plant where most of the new
growth occurs.
August 2008
Binomial
Nomenclature
• The international naming
system that gives every plant
2 names, genus and the
specie in Latin.
• Scientific Name = Botanic
Name.
August 2008
Linnaeus
• The Swedish botanist that
came up with the 2 name
system for
classifying plants .
• 1750
August 2008
Genus
• The first name of a plant scientific
name. A group of plants that are
grouped together because of their
similarities to one another. (genera =
plural).
• A NOUN.
Specie
• The second name in scientific name,
more specific in nature.
• An ADJECTIVE that describes the
genus.
August 2008
Example:
• Acer rubrum : Red Maple
• Acer is the noun or genus.
• rubrum is the adjective or specie
that describes the genus (rubrum =
red in latin)
• Quercus alba = White Oak
• Zebrina pendula, Setcresea
purpurea
August 2008
Cultivars
• Another name for a specific
plant, same as variety.
• Example: There are several
cultivars or “varieties”of Red
Maple Tree.
• “Red Sunset”, “October
Glory”
August 2008
Common Name
• The local English name of a
plant, which may differ in
various localities.
• Common names are not
precise enough for
commercial use.
August 2008
Taxonomist
• A person who studies
plant names and the
identification of plants as
a career or field of study.
August 2008
International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature
• A set of rules that are
international for naming
plants.
August 2008
Mulch
• Any material used to cover
the soil for weed control
and moisture retention.
• Pine straw, pine bark
nuggets, cypress shavings
August 2008
Osmocote
• A slow release fertilizer.
Allows the plant to feed
gradually over a longer
period of time. Saves you
labor. 14-14-14
August 2008
Herbaceous
• Any plant that has soft tissue
and does not form wood or bark.
A non-woody plant.
Houseplants, annuals & some
perennials.
Deciduous
• A plant which loses its leaves each
autumn. It goes dormant in the
winter.
August 2008
Evergreen
• A plant which has leaves
or needles throughout the
whole year.
August 2008
Petiole
• The stalk structure which
supports the blade of the
leaf. It attaches the leaf
blade to the stem.
August 2008
Simple leaf
• A solitary leaf attached to a
stem by a petiole.
Compound Leaf
• A group of leaflets which compose
the entire compound leaf.
August 2008
Monocot
• Classification of those plants
having only one cotyledon or
seed leaf. Grasses, chives and
corn are monocots.
• Parallel veins.
Dicot
• A classification of plants having
two cotyledons or seed leaves.
• Vascular or woody plants.
August 2008
Leaf Margin
• The outer edge of a leaf ….
• Serrate, entire, lobed, etc.
Root Cap
• The actively growing
cells at the tip of the
plant root.
August 2008
Stoma
• Small pores or holes in
the leaf, which allow the
plant to breathe and give
off moisture. They open
and close with day and
night.
August 2008
Lenticels
• Breathing pores in the
bark of woody stems.
They open and close with
day and night.
August 2008
Ventilation
• Movement and exchange of air in
a greenhouse.
Photoperiodism
• The response of plants to
different periods of light and
darkness in terms of their
flowering.
August 2008
Short Day Plant
• A plant that blooms in the
short winter days.
• Some plants can be “tricked”
into blooming by giving them
short days artificially.
Chrysanthemums and
Poinsettias
August 2008
Breaks
• New shoots that develop
as a result of “pinching”.
• Same results as pruning
out the terminal bud of a
plant.
August 2008
Growth Regulators
• Chemicals that retard
plant growth. It slows
down the plant growth so
they don’t get too tall and
floppy.
August 2008
Root Rot
• Most common disease of
Poinsettia. Caused by:
Bad drainage, Bad
ventilation or too much
water.
August 2008
Fungicide
• Any substance which
destroys or prevents the
growth of fungi.
• A type of pesticide to
control plant diseases.
August 2008
J.R. Poinsett
• The U.S. Ambassador to
Mexico who introduced the
Poinsettia to America for
future production.
• Named the plant after
himself.
August 2008
Plant Hardiness
• The ability of a plant withstand to the
minimum temperature of an area.
Plant Form
• The outer shape of a tree and it’s
branches. The outer silhouette.
• Round, columnar, oval, weeping, etc.
August 2008
Plant Texture
• The size and thickness of the
plant’s leaves and stems. Fine,
Medium, Coarse.
Bare Root Plants
• Plants sold with no soil on the
roots.
A. Cheaper
B. Very perishable
August 2008
Balled and Burlapped
• Plants- (B&B) Roots in burlap held
together by twine. Dug up at a
nursery and sold this way.
Container Stock
• Planted in a basket or plastic; or
metal can. Can be planted at any
time of the year.
August 2008
Drip Line of a Tree
• The imaginary line where water
drops off from the farthest
point of branches.
August 2008
Narrow leaf Evergreen
• Evergreen plants with needle-like or
scaly foliage. Pines, Junipers.
Broad leaf Evergreen
• Evergreen plants with broad leaf
blade. BLE Hollies and broad leaf
plants.
August 2008
Fascicles
• The sheathes or bundles that
contain needle like leaves
attached to the branch in
conifers.
August 2008
Heeling in
• The process of temporarily
covering the plant roots when a tree
has to be out of the ground for
transplanting. The purpose is to
retain the moisture around the
roots with an organic material such
as straw, mulch or soil during
transplanting.
August 2008
Berm
• A ridge of soil placed around
a newly planted tree to retain
water. “a saucer” or “moat”.
• Traps the water to stay on
top of the root zone.
August 2008
Ground Cover Plant
• Any low growing plant, under 12”
tall, that completely covers the
ground.
• Used in place of grass for large areas
(saves labor of mowing) usually
planted in mass. Creeping junipers,
ivy, monkey grass, etc. Usually very
durable plants.
August 2008
Foundation Plantings
• Plants which are used
next to buildings to help
accent and tie the
buildings into the
landscape. Usually
evergreen.
August 2008
Specimen Plant
• A plant that is used alone
for accent or focal point to
a landscape.
August 2008
Soil Conditioner
• Organic matter added to
the native soil to improve
texture, drainage, and
overall quality of the soil.
Peat moss, pine bark,
rotted compost etc.
August 2008
Hard Pan
• The unprepared or
untilled soil line. Dense
and hard section of soil.
The roots cannot
penetrate hard pan.
August 2008
Boundary Plants
• Plants used to separate
property or boundary
lines. Planted in rows.
• Can be low or high
depending on purpose.
August 2008
Bulb
• A food storage organ.
• A plant structure which
consists of layers of fleshy
scales overlapping each
other, such as the onion or
tulip.
August 2008
Separation
• Method of propagation that
occurs naturally.
Reproductive organs of a
plant detach from the
parent plant to become
new plants.
August 2008
Division
• A method of propagation
requiring the physical
cutting and dividing of
plants. Ferns and
herbaceous perennials
are often divided.
August 2008
Corms
• Swollen underground stem
which grows upright, is a
food storage organ and a
means of reproduction.
• Similar to a bulb.
• Gladiolus plants.
August 2008
Rhizomes
• Underground stem which
produces roots on the
lower surface, and
extends leaves and
flowering shoots above
the ground. Iris.
August 2008
Tubers
• A fleshy root which
reproduces by growing
roots from an “eye” or
bud. Potatoes are tubers.
August 2008
pH
• The measuring scale of a
soil’s acidity.
• A pH of 1-6 is acid. pH 7 is
neutral, and 8-14 is base.
To raise the soil pH, add
lime.
• Most plants prefer a pH of
5.5 to 7 range.
August 2008
Leaching
• It is when the fertilizer
nutrients are leached out
(washed out) of soil over
time from excessive water.
• Caused from excessive rain
or watering.
• This is why you have to keep
applying fertilizers to plants.
August 2008
Major Elements
• Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium are the Major elements
all plants need.
• N-P-K example: 10-10-10
• Required in large amounts. They
must be added by applying NPK
fertilizer. 10-10-10, or 14-14-14, etc.
• Also called the Macronutrients
August 2008
Minor Elements
• Elements that plants need in
minor amounts. They may or
may not need to be added to
the soil.
• Calcium, boron, iron and
others.
• Micronutrients!
August 2008
Landscape Architect
• Professionals who
integrate art and science,
and know how plants and
landscape factors will react
to the environment around
them.
August 2008
Landscape
Contractor
• A company or person who
deals primarily with the
installation of landscapes.
They install what the
architect designs.
August 2008
Landscape
Maintenance
Contractor
• A firm that maintains the
landscape under the
guidelines of a contract.
weekly/monthly.
August 2008
Subcontracting
• The hiring of a
firm or
contractor to complete
specialized tasks such as
irrigation, tree surgery,
etc.
nd
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August 2008
Site Analysis
• Making an evaluation of
the landscape site to
determine how many of
the clients needs can be
met. It tells what is
present on the site and
what is desired.
August 2008
Branch Collar
• The swollen area of a tree where
the branch attaches to the main
trunk.
August 2008
Warm Season Grass
• Those grasses that grow best
in the warm months (80-90
degrees) of spring, summer
and early fall. They grow
vigorously during this time and
become brown and dormant in
winter: Bermudagrass, Zoysia
grass, Centipede grass.
August 2008
Cool Season Grass
• Grasses that grow well in the
cool months (60-75 degrees) of
the year. They may become
dormant or injured during the
hot months of summer: Fescue
and rye grass are cool season.
Annual rye – temporary.
August 2008
Herbicides
• A type of pesticide chemical intended
to control weeds.
• Pre-emergent: applied before weeds
emerge to kill seeds.
• Post-emergent: applied after weeds
emerge.
• Selective: kills only certain species
and safe on turf.
• Non-selective: kills any plant it
comes in contact with.
August 2008