Transcript Plants Powerpoint

Section 22-1
INTRODUCING PLANTS
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Criteria for Kingdom Plantae
Cell type: Eukaryotes.
 Cell number: Multicellular.
 Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose.
 Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic.
 Carry out photosynthesis using the green
pigments chlorophyll a and b.
 Some are parasitic or saprobes.

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Plant Life Cycle
All plants have
a life cycle with
alternation of
generations, in
which the
haploid
gametophyte
phase
alternates with
the diploid
sporophyte
phase.
Textbook,
page 552
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Plant Life Cycle
Alternation of Generations!

Haploid (N)
– Gametophyte plant (N)
– Produces either sperm or eggs.
 (gametes

= reproductive cells)
Diploid (2N)
– The sperm and egg join to create the
Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid.
– Egg and sperm join to create spores by
meiosis.
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Plant Survival
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
Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis.
Minerals and water are needed to make
new plant parts.
Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and
cellular respiration) must occur without
losing excessive amounts of water.
Movement of water and nutrients is
required for plant energy production and
growth.
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Evolutionary Cladogram of Plants
(Angiosperms)
(Gymnosperms)
(Bryophytes)
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Overview of the Plant Kingdom
The majority of plant life is ______________.
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Section 22-2
BRYOPHYTES
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Bryophytes (ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts)



Life cycles depend on water
for reproduction.
Abundant in moist
environments (bogs, near
streams, in rain forests)
because there is no vascular
tissue.
Sphagnum moss alive
is used in gardening, and
when compacted (peat)
it’s used for fuel.
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(Angiosperms)
Typical
Moss
Plant
Capsule
Stalk
Sporophyte
Leaflike
Structure
Gametophyte
Stemlike
Structure
Rhizoid
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Life Cycle of a Moss
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Section 22-3
FERNS:
Seedless Vascular Plants
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What developed between
plant divisions 1 and 2?
Vascular Tissue
developed!
Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport
water and nutrients throughout the plant.
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Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns

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

Ex. horsetails, club mosses, ferns.
Leaves are called fronds.
Undergound stems called rhizomes .
Found in moist, shaded forest areas.
Sori – clusters of sporangia (spores
on the underside of fronds).
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Vascular Tissue

Tracheids are specialized cells that can move
fluids through the plant body, even against the
force of gravity.
– Xylem (moves
water upward).
– Phloem (moves
nutrients and
carbohydrates
throughout
the plant).
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Typical Fern Plant
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Life Cycle of a Fern
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Section 22-4
GYMNOSPERMS:
Seed Plants
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Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers



Means “naked seed”.
Includes conifers (pines
& spruces) and palms
(cycads & ginkgoes).
Adapted seed to allow
reproduction without
water; able survive in
dry and extreme
temperatures.
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Reproduction Free from Water
Second evolutionary development of
plants = seeds.
 Adaptations that allows seed plants to
reproduce without water include:

– Flowers and cones.
– Transfer of sperm by pollination.
– Protection of embryos in seeds.

Necessary to meet the challenges of
surviving on land.
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Diagram of a Pine Seed

– Growing part of
seed containing:
Embryo

Endosperm
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Endosperm
– Tissue that provides
nutrition for the
developing seed.

Seed Coat
Embryo
Seed Coat
– Protective outer
covering of the
seed.
Reproduction
Germination: early growth stage of a
plant embryo.
 Dormancy: period of time during which a
plant embryo is alive but not growing.
 Features that allow seeds to reproduce
without water:

– Reproduction in cones.
– Movement of gametes by pollination.
– Protection of embryo in a seed.
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Pollination

Transfer of pollen from the male
reproductive structure to the female
reproductive structure.
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Adaptations
 Needles
 Winged
Seeds
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Section 22-5
ANGIOSPERMS:
Flowering Plants
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Anthophyta: Angiosperms


Dominate plant life.
Flowers are the reproductive
organs of plants.
– has ovaries (fruit) to
protect the seeds.
– Attracts animals which
help with pollination.
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Diversity of Angiosperms
Can be classified into:
1. Stems: herbaceous vs. woody.
2. Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials.
3. monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon.
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Lifespans

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Annuals
– Complete life cycle in one year.
Biennials
– Life cycle takes 2 years
Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves.
 Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers.


Perennials
– Live through many years
May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring
(asparagus, peonies, many grasses).
 Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle).

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Examples of Monocotyledons
(Liliopsida)
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Grasses which include grains such as corn and
wheat.
Lilies.
Orchids.
Palms.
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Examples of Dicotylendons
(Magnoliopsida)
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Roses
Mallows
Tomatoes
Oaks
Daisies
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Plant Parts

Transport
– Roots, stems, leaves.

Energy Production
– Leaves.

Reproduction
– Flowers.
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Roots (Transport)

Taproot: primary root grows down from the
stem with secondary roots forming.
– ex. carrot, potato, radish

Fibrous: small lateral roots that spread out just
below surface of the soil.
– ex. weeds
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4 Root Functions
Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil.
 Transports water & nutrients to stem.
 Anchors plant to maintain stability.
 Stores food and
water.

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Structure of Roots
Outermost layer of cells
Site of absorption
Tissue that
stores starch
Within cortex;
contains cells
for transport of
water,
nutrients, &
minerals)
Protection of root tip
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Stems (Transport)

Woody
– Thick cell walls that
support the plant.
– Trees, shrubs, and vines.

Herbaceous
– Stems are smooth,
supported by hydrostatic
pressure (turgor).
– Dandilions, zinnias,
petunias.
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Stems
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3 Functions of Stems
Transports water & nutrients from roots
to leaves.
 Supports/produces leaves, branches,
fruits/flowers.
 Stores food.

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Transport in Plants
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Capillary action: the
tendency of water to
rise in a thin tube.
The result of the water
molecules’ ability to
stick to one another
(cohesion)and to the
walls of the tube
(adhesion).
Contributes to the
movement of water up
the cells of the xylem
tissue.
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Leaves
(Transport & Energy Production)

Photosynthesis
– Process that plants use to produce their food.
– 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Transpiration
– Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide.
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Structure of Leaves

Cuticle
– Waxy outer surface;
retains moisture.

Mesophyll
– Middle layer of leaf
where
photosynthesis
occurs.
– Palisade layer
(upper).
– Spongy layer
(underside).
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Structure of Leaves (cont’d)

Epidermis
– “Skin” of leaf responsible for gas
exchange.
– Upper and lower.

Stomata
– Outside layer of leaf
opening in epidermis
where gas and water
exchange (controlled
by guard cells).
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Gas Exchange in Leaves

Turgor pressure (water pressure)
– Stomata close automatically when supplies of
water from roots start to dry up.
– Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing
stomata to become flaccid and pores close.
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Leaf Vein Types
Parallel
Pinnate
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Palmate
Flowers (Reproduction)
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Structure of Flowers
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Typical Flower Structure

Petals
– Highly colored part
of the flower, may
contain perfume
and/or nectar
glands.

Sepals
– Small green
structures on the
base of a flower
that protect the
flower bud.
Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu
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Male Plant Organ

Stamen contains:
– Anther: produces pollen.
– Filament: upholds anther.
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Female Plant Organ

Pistil (carpels) contains:
– Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach.
– Style: sperm travel to ovary.
– Ovary (fruit): stores ovules (eggs).
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Seed Dispersal
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Wind
Water
Animal
Flower Pollination
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Animals
Wind
Factors that affect seed germination:


Temperature
Moisture
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Plant Response
Plant hormones – chemical substances
that control a plant’s patterns of growth
& development.
 Target cell – cell that has a receptor for a
particular hormone.

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Tropisms (Response)

Tropism – response of a plant to an
environmental stimulus.
– Gravitotropism: response of a plant to the force of
gravity.
– Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards
light.
– Thigmotropism: response of plants to touch.

Auxin – substance produced in the tip of
the seedling that stimulates cell elongation.
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Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal
activities such as flowering and growth.
 Herbicides: auxinlike compounds in high
concentrations that are toxic to plants
therefore inhibiting growth.
 Chemical defenses: many plants defend
themselves against insect attack by
manufacturing compounds that have
powerful effects on animals, ex. poison
oak.

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