Transcript Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae
Plant Characteristics
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Develop from multicellular embryos
• Carry out photosynthesis
• Contain chlorophyll a & b
• Reproduce by alternation of
generations
Plant Evolution
• First plants evolved from organisms
similar to today’s multicellular green
algae.
Plant Cladogram
Ancestor Algae
Bryophytes
• Life cycle that depends on water so
the sperm can swim to the egg.
• Lack vascular tissue, so they obtain
water through osmosis
• Includes mosses, liverworts, &
hornworts
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Ferns, horsetails, club mosses
• Contain xylem & phloem (vascular
tissue)
– Xylem – carries water up from the roots
– Phloem – transports products of
photosynthesis
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Have roots, stems, and leaves with
veins
• Include club mosses, horsetails, and
ferns.
• Ferns have rhizomes & fronds with
sori
– Rhizomes – fern stems
– Fronds – fern leaves
– Sori – fern spores
Plant Cladogram
Ancestor Algae
Spermatophytes
• Seed Plants
• Have adaptations that allow them to
reproduce without water
– Flowers or cones
– Transfer of sperm by pollination
– Protection of embryos in seeds
• Two types:
– Gymnosperms
– Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
• Bear their seeds directly on the
surface of cones
• Include conifers, ginkgo, cycads, and
gnetophytes
Angiosperms
• Flowering plants
• Bear seeds within ovaries which
surround and protect the seed.
• Two types:
– Monocot
– Dicot
Plant Structure
• Flower
– Male reproductive structures - Stamen
– Female reproductive structures - Carpal
Monocots
• All monocots have the following
characteristics:
–
–
–
–
Single cotyledon – seed leaf
Parallel veins
Flower petals in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered throughout the
stem
– Fibrous roots
Dicots
• All dicots have the following
characteristics:
–
–
–
–
–
Two cotyledon leaves
Branched veins
Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue arranged in a ring
Taproot
Angiosperm Life Spans
• Annuals – complete life cycle in one
growing season
• Biennials – complete life cycle in two
years
– First year: grow roots, short stems and
sometimes leaves
– Second year: grow new stems, leaves,
produce flowers and seeds
• Perennials – live many years