Transcript Students

Students
Grades posted on white board – highlights are not good
Test info
Avg = 30.5, range: 17 – 48
Corrections due Monday
Brief syllabus
Plants next
Ch 29 - 30, 10 (photosynthesis), 35 – 39
Photosynthesis lab next week
Tornado drill – today 2nd period
Transport – Friday – tomorrow
AP exam payment???
Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
- Stomata – pores used for gas exchange
- Roots – absorb water & minerals from underground
- Apical meristems – tips of shoots & roots where growth occurs
- Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent water loss thru leaves
- Jacketed gametangia – gamete producing organ with protective
jacket of cells to prevent dehydration
- Sporopollenin – polymer that formed around exposed zygotes & forms
walls of plant spores preventing dehydration
- Lignin – structural polymer that provides strength for woody tissues
Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
2. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
- Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts)
- Tougher spores (sporopollenin)
- Jacketed gametangia
- Vascular tissue (ferns)
- Cells joined to transport water & nutrients
- Lacked seeds
- Development of seeds (Gymnosperms)
- More protection of embryo
- Embryo w/ food
- Development of flowers (Angiosperms)
- Complex reproductive structure
Figure 29.7 Highlights of plant evolution
Land plants
Vascular plants
Angiosperms
Origin of seed plants
(about 360 mya)
Origin of vascular
plants (about 420 mya)
Origin of land plants
(about 475 mya)
Ancestral
green alga
Seed plants
Gymnosperms
Pterophytes
(ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
Lycophytes
(club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
Seedless vascular plants
Mosses
Hornworts
Liverworts
Charophyceans
Bryophytes
(nonvascular plants)
Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
2. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
- Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts)
- Tougher spores (sporopollenin)
- Jacketed gametangia
- Vascular tissue (ferns)
- Cells joined to transport water & nutrients
- Lacked seeds
- Development of seeds (Gymnosperms)
- More protection of embryo
- Embryo w/ food
- Development of flowers (Angiosperms)
- Complex reproductive structure
3. What are bryophytes?
- Non-vascular plants
- Mosses & worts
- Dominant life stage is haploid gametophyte
- Reproductive structures
- Male – antheridia – produce flagellated sperm
- Female – archegonia – produce 1 egg (ovum)
Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss
Raindrop
Key
Male
gametophyte
Sperm
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridia
Egg
Gametophore
Female
gametophyte
Arcl
egonia
Rhizoid
FERTILIZATION
Zygote
(within archegonium)
Archegonium
Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss
Raindrop
Key
Male
gametophyte
Sperm
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridia
Egg
Gametophore
Female
gametophyte
Arcl
egonia
Rhizoid
Seta
Mature
sporophytes
FERTILIZATION
Capsule
(sporangium)
Calyptra
Zygote
(within archegonium)
Embryo
Foot
Archegonium
Young
sporophytes
Female
gametophyte
Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss
Raindrop
Key
Male
gametophyte
Sperm
“Bud”
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridia
Protonemata
“Bud”
Egg
Spores
Gametophore
Female
gametophyte
Peristome
Arcl
egonia
Rhizoid
Sporangium
MEIOSIS
Mature
Mature
sporophytes
sporophytes
Seta
FERTILIZATION
Capsule
(sporangium)
Calyptra
Zygote
(within archegonium)
Embryo
Foot
Archegonium
Young
sporophytes
Capsule with
peristome (LM)
Female
gametophytes
Figure 29.9 Bryophyte Diversity
Gametophore of
female gametophyte
LIVERWORTS (PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA)
Plagiochila
deltoidea,
a “leafy”
liverwort
Foot
Seta
Marchantia sporophyte (LM)
HORNWORTS (PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA)
An Anthoceros
hornwort species
Sporophyte
Sporangium
500 µm
Marchantia polymorpha,
a “thalloid” liverwort
MOSSES (PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA)
Polytrichum commune,
hairy-cap moss
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Gametophyte
Info
Plants divided into 2 units
-Ch 29 - 30, 10, & 35 – test Friday, 3/16
-Ch 36 – 39 – test Monday 3/26
Transport – today – all day & 4:30
All corrections due MONDAY
AP Exam $$$$
Figure 29.10 Sphagnum, or peat moss: a bryophyte with
economic, ecological, and archaeological significance
(a) Peat being harvested from a peat bog
Covers 3% of land
Stabilizes greenhouse effect
(b) Closeup of Sphagnum. Note the “leafy” gametophytes and
their offspring, the sporophytes.
Gametophyte
(c) Sphagnum “leaf” (LM). The combination of living photosynthetic
cells and dead water-storing cells gives the moss its spongy quality.
(d) “Tolland Man,” a bog mummy dating from 405–100 B.C.
The acidic, oxygen-poor conditions produced by Sphagnum can
preserve human or other animal bodies for thousands of years.
Sporangium at
tip of sporophyte
Living
Dead waterphotosynthetic storing cells
cells
100 µm
Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
1.
2.
3.
4.
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
What are bryophytes?
What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)?
- Dominant life stage is sporophyte (2n)
- Gametophyte is reduced
- Sporophyte is branched
- Vasculature
- Xylem – transports water & minerals up from the ground
- Has tracheids – tube-shaped cells for transport
- Dead at maturity
- Strengthened by lignin
- Phloem
- Transport sugars & other organic products from leaves downward
- Living cells at maturity
- Roots - anchorage, water & mineral transport
- Let’s consider the life cycle…..
Figure 29.12 The life cycle of a fern
1 Sporangia release spores.
Most fern species produce a single
type of spore that gives rise to a
bisexual gametophyte.
Key
3 Although this illustration
shows an egg and sperm
from the same gametophyte,
a variety of mechanisms
promote cross-fertilization
between gametophytes.
2 The fern spore
develops into a small,
photosynthetic gametophyte.
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Antheridium
Spore
Young
gametophyte
MEIOSIS
Sporangium
Archegonium
Mature
sporophyte
New
sporophyte
Sperm
Egg
Zygote
Sporangium
FERTILIZATION
Sorus
6 On the underside
of the sporophyte‘s
reproductive leaves
are spots called sori.
Each sorus is a
cluster of sporangia.
Gametophyte
Fiddlehead
5 A zygote develops into a new
sporophyte, and the young plant
grows out from an archegonium
of its parent, the gametophyte.
4 Fern sperm use flagella
to swim from the antheridia
to eggs in the archegonia.
Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?
What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?
What are bryophytes?
What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)?
What is the difference between homosporous & heterosporous plants?
Homosporous spore production
Sporangium
in sporophyll
Single
type of spore
Typically a
bisexual
gametophyte
Eggs
Most ferns
Sperm
Heterosporous spore production
Megasporangium
in megasporophyll
Microsporangium
in microsporophyll
Megaspore
Female
gametophyte
Eggs
Microspore
Male
gametophyte
Sperm
All seed plants &
few seedless plants
Figure 29.14 Seedless Vascular Plant Diversity
LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA)
Strobili
(clusters of
sporophylls)
Isoetes
gunnii,
a quillwort
Selaginella apoda,
a spike moss
Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss
Psilotum
nudum,
a whisk
fern
PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA)
Equisetum
arvense,
field
horsetail
Vegetative stem
Athyrium
filix-femina,
lady fern
Strobilus on
fertile stem
WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES
HORSETAILS
FERNS