Transcript Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae
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All plants are eukaryotic
autotrophs making food from
sunlight through photosynthesis.
There are, however, a few species
that are both autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
Plants have cell walls made of
cellulose.
Primary consumers eat only
plants.
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A leaf is a broad flat organ that
traps light energy for
photosynthesis and exchanges
gases through stomata.
Leaf cell
Animal Cell
•Chlorophyll absorbs energy from
sunlight and passes that energy into the
stroma.
•Stroma contain enzymes that turn light
energy into sugar and oxygen from water
and carbon dioxide.
SUNLIGHT + 6CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
•Grana are stacks light trapping
chlorophyll.
• When we burn wood, basically the
photosynthesis formula is reversed.
• We're breaking down the
carbohydrate and producing carbon
dioxide gas and water, plus energy,
which, like sunlight, feels hot and
looks bright.
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Cuticle – a protective waxy coating
that prevents H2O in plant tissues
from evaporating into the atmosphere.
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Within the cuticle are stomata that
allow exchange of gases.
Guard cells open and close pores in
the stomata to release O2 into the
atmosphere and take in CO2.
Root – a plant
organ that
anchors the
plant in soil
and absorbs
H2O and
minerals from
soil
transporting
them to the
stem.
•A root cell’s
job is to take
water and
nutrients from
the soil and
send them up
to the part of
the plant
above the
ground.
• When there is no water in the soil for the plant, it
looses turgor pressure (wilts).
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The stem is the plant’s structural
support for upright growth
containing tissues to transport
H2O, minerals, and nutrients from
one part of the plant to another.
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Stems may also store food.
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Green stems carry on
photosynthesis.
Plant Vascular Tissues
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Xylem – made up of a series of
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Phloem – made up of a series of
dead tubular cells that transport
H2O and dissolved minerals
upward from roots to leaves.
living tubular cells that transport
sugars from leaves to all parts of
the plant.
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Plant Tropisms
Phototrophism - growth toward light
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Plant Tropisms
Gravitropism – downward growth of roots
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Plant Tropisms
- Thigmotropism
– plants response
when it comes
into contact with
a solid object.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3Oj2er-91s
What is
hydrotropism?
Alternation of Generations
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Sexual reproduction
involves the two alternating
processes of meiosis and
fertilization.
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In meiosis, the
chromosome number is
reduced from the diploid
to the haploid number.
In fertilization, the
nuclei of two gametes
fuse, raising the
chromosome number
from haploid to diploid.
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In most plants meiosis and fertilization
divide the life of the organism into two
distinct phases or "generations".
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The gametophyte generation begins
with a spore produced by meiosis. The
spore is haploid, and all the cells
derived from it (by mitosis) are also
haploid. In due course, this
multicellular structure produces
gametes — by mitosis — and sexual
reproduction then produces the diploid
sporophyte generation.
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In fact, the gametophyte generation is the
major stage in the life of mosses and an
independent plant in ferns.
However, the gametophyte is only an
inconspicuous structure in angiosperms and
other "higher" plants.
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The sporophyte generation
produces spores (diploid) which
develop into the gametophyte
generation.
The gametophyte generation
produces gametes (haploid).
In vascular plants, the sporophyte
generation is dominant.
In non-vascular plants, the
gametophyte is larger and more
conspicuous than the sporophyte.
Vegetative Reproduction……………….
……………is asexual
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Division Bryophyta – mosses,
liverworts, hornworts. All are nonvascular and non-seed.
Division Lycophyta -
Club Mosses –
vascular and non-seed.
Division Pterophyta
whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns
vascular and non-seed.
Seed Bearing Plants
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Gymnosperms
are vascular
plants that
produce seeds
on scales of
woody strobili
called cones.
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In other words, they have
naked seeds - seeds not
enclosed in a fruit.
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The four divisions of
Gymnosperms are:
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Cycadophyta
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Ginkgophyta
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Gnetophyta
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Coniferophyta
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Cycads have a terminal rosette of
leaves and bear seeds in cones.
All cycads have separate male and
female plants.
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Division
Ginkgophyta has
only on living
species – Ginkgo
biloba.
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The leaves are
lobed.
Like Cycads,
Ginkgos have
separate male
and female trees.
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Division Gnetophyta has 3 genera:
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Gnetum
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Ephedra
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Welwitschia
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Coniferophyta is the largest and most
diverse division of the gymnosperms.
Most are evergreen – keeping their
leaves year-round.
A very few are deciduous – dropping
all of their leaves at
the same time
Angiosperms include one division Anthophyta
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Though there is only one division
of angiosperms, Anthophyta ….
It is the largest and most diverse
group of seed plants on Earth.
Anthophytes produce flowers,
then seeds enclosed in a fruit.
Anthophytes can be annuals,
biennials, or perennials.
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What is an annual?
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What is a biennial?
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What is a perennial?
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Male
Gametophyte
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Female
Gametophyte
What is the purpose of fruit?
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Seeds can be dispersed in a
variety of ways:
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Wind
Passing through an animals
digestive system
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Catching on fur or skin
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Floating on water
Division Anthophyta has two
classes of angiosperms ….
Monocots and Dicots
Possible Advantages to
Alternation of Generations
• Amplification of the sexual product
because it produces many spores.
• Possibly useful in an environment
where limited water availability for
successful fertilization limits the
number of successful zygotes.
Adaptations to Survival in the
Terrestrial Environment
• Separation of absorbtive organs
(roots) and photosynthetic organs
(leaves)
• Waterproof cuticle
• Stomata
• Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
• Structural support tissues
(cellulose and lignin)
• Species dispersal (spores and seeds)
Adaptations to Survival in the
Terrestrial Environment
• Protection of gametes in gametangia
• Fertilization in the absence of free
water (pollen tubes instead of
swimming sperm)
• Zygote and sporophyte embryo
protected and nurtured by gametophyte
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Why were adaptations necessary
for plants to become terrestrial ?
What were the adaptations?
What is the general term for
growth tissue of plants?
Describe the two patterns of
growth in seed plants?
Describe the two types of
cambium?