Transcript Parts of the Plant

The Study of Living
Things
Leaves
There is much variety
in leaves
Hairs, Thickness,
Texture,
Parts of Leaves
Blade – Large green
portion of the leaf
Petiole – Part that
connects the blade to
the stem
(Sessile Leaves –
Leaves that have no
petiole. Found in
grasses and certain
other monocots.)
Veins – Pipelines that
carry food and water
through the blade
Midrib – The main vein
that runs down the
center of the leaf.
Margin – Edge of the leaf
Entire – The name of the
margin when it is smooth
Toothed – The name of
the margin when it has a
rough edge or “teeth”
Lobed – The name of the
margin when it has
portions sticking out
Sinus – Where there is no
leaf on a lobed leaf
Near the Leaf
Stipule – Leaf-like
structures that helped
cover the leaf when it
was young.
Buds – Contain
developing leaf or
branch structures
Bud-scale Scars –
Marking on the branch
where a bud existed.
Leaf Scars - Marking on
the branch where a leaf
existed
Plant Leaf Shapes
Broad flat leaves
(Deciduous trees)
Long narrow leaves
(Grasses)
Needle-like or scalelike ( Pines, firs,
cedars)
Types of Leaves
Simple – A leaf that
has one blade per
petiole
Compound – A leaf that
has many blades
(leaflets) per petiole
Leaflet – Each small blade
on a compound leaf
(You can tell the
beginning of a leaf
because it has a bud at
the base of the petiole.
The leaflets do not have
a bud at the base of
them.)
Leaf Arrangement
Nodes – Points at
which the leaves grow
from the stem.
Opposite – Two leaves
grow from each node.
Alternate – Only one
leaf grows from each
node.
Whorled – Three or
more leaves grow
from each node.
Rosette (Basal) –
Cluster of leaves
growing at the base of
the plant
Leaf Venation
Parallel – Almost all
veins run in the same
direction.
Pinnate – One major
vein with smaller
veins coming off of it
Palmate – Two or
more veins extending
out from one point
Internal Leaf Structures
Epidermis – Single
layer of outside cells
Stomata – Tiny
openings on the
bottom of the leaf that
allow for air movement
and transpiration.
Transpiration – The
loss of water vapor
Guard Cells – The two
crescent shaped cells
that expand and
contract to open/close
the stoma
Leaf Hairs – Reduce
the speed of wind
passing over the leaf.
Decrease loss of
water.
Mesophyll – The
middle portion of the
leaf. Most of
Photosynthesis takes
place here.
Palisade Mesophyll –
Column-like cells
located on the upper
side of the leaf.
Spongy Mesophyll –
Irregular shaped cells
separated by air
spaces.
Veins – Run through
the Mesophyll. Have
Xylem and Phloem
 Biology – The study of
living things
 Bios – “life”
 -logy – “Science of” or
“study of”
Three Major Fields of Biology
Zoology –The study of
animals
Botany – The study of
Plants
Human Anatomy and
Physiology – The
study of physical
structure and function
of the body
Anatomy – The study of
the physical structure of
the body. (The parts)
Physiology – the study of
the function of the parts of
the body. (What they do)
 Psalm 19:1-4 The heavens
declare the glory of God; the skies
proclaim the work of his hands.
Day after day they pour forth
speech; night after night they
display knowledge. There is no
speech or language where their
voice is not heard. Their voice
goes out into all the earth, their
words to the ends of the world.
Romans 1:20 For since the
creation of the world God’s
invisible qualities –his
eternal power and divine
nature- have been clearly
seen, being understood
from what has been made,
so that men are without
excuse.
 Psalm 8: 3-4 When I
consider your heavens, the
work of your fingers, the
moon and the stars, which
you have set in place, what
is man that you are mindful
of him, the son of man that
you care for him?
Hierarchy of Living things
Cells – The basic
structural unit of all
living things

Tissues – A group of
similar cells that work
together

Vascular Tissue –
Elongated tubular
cells that transport
water, minerals, and
food
Xylem – Transports
water and minerals up
the plant
Phloem – Transports
Food down the plant
Organs – A group of
tissues that work
together
(Root, stem, leaf, and
flower)
Systems – A group of
Organs that work
together
Root System –
Underground part of the
plant used for absorption
and storage
Shoot System –
Aboveground part of the
plant provides for
production of leaves,
flowers, fruit and seeds
Organisms – Living things
(not just plants and
animals)
The Importance of Botany
Food produced
through
Photosynthesis
The Importance of Botany
Medicine – Many drugs
and antibiotics are
produced from plants
The Importance of Botany
Industry – Plants
produce many important
products such as
lumber, paper, and
clothing fibers.
Parts of the Plant
Flowers – The
reproductive organ of
the plant. (Most produce
fruit and seeds)
Leaves – Most of the
plants food is produced
in the leaves.
Stems – Holds up the
leaves and flowers, a
transport structure for
food, and sometimes a
stem stores food.
Roots – Anchors the
plant, absorbs water
and minerals, and
stores food.
Tap Root – One
main/primary root
grows straight down
and is larger than
the rest.
Fibrous Root – The
main/primary root is
slender and the
secondary roots are
just as big as the
primary root.
The Plant Cell
Organelles – Little
organs that make up
the cell
Cell Membrane –
Separates inside from
outside. Regulates
movement of materials
in and out of cell.
Nucleus – Spherical
body that controls the
cell’s activities.
Cytoplasm – The gellike substance in the
cell.
Cell Wall – Found
outside the
membrane made of
cellulose. Gives the
plant its structure.
Chloroplasts –
Organelle that
contains Chlorophyll
and produce food for
the plant.
Chlorophyll – green
pigment of plants,
which is key in
photosynthesis.
Vacuoles – Storage
structures in the cell.
Photosynthesis and the
Leaf
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis –
Process where the
plant’s chloroplasts
capture radiant energy
…from sunlight and
change into chemical
energy
6 CO2 +6 H2O +
LIGHT
 C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Light Reaction – Light
reacts with water to
separate Hydrogen
and Oxygen (Needs
light for the reaction)
NADPH – Carries
Hydrogen atoms to
the Dark Reaction
Dark Reaction –
Hydrogen reacts with
Carbon Dioxide and
energy to produce
glucose (Does not need
light to occur)
Products of
Photosynthesis
Glucose – Simple
Sugar (C6H12O6)
Sucrose – Another
simple sugar, Table
sugar, Plants convert
Glucose into sucrose,
which is, pretty much two
glucose molecules.
Starch – Many simple
sugars linked together
for storage
Why We Need Energy
Cellular Respiration –
The process where
Glucose and Oxygen are
combined to release
energy and Carbon
Dioxide.
Happens in both
Plants and Animals.
Factors that Influence
Photosynthesis
Water –
Directly – It is one of
the ingredients of
Photosynthesis
Indirectly - When water
is scarce, stomata
close and do not allow
carbon dioxide to come
into the plant
Carbon Dioxide – It is
another one of the
ingredients. Studies
have shown that
…increased CO2
increases the rate of
Photosynthesis
Heat – Photosynthesis
does not work
efficiently in cold
temperatures
Sunlight – Need the
sunlight for the reaction,
but there is a huge
variety in how much is
needed by different
plants
Life Cycles of Plants
Annual – A plant
whose entire life cycle
is one year.
Example: Peas, beans,
grains
Biennial – A plant
whose entire life cycle is
two years
Example: Beets,
cabbage, turnips, carrots
Perennials – Plants that
live from year to year
and bloom each season
Example: Wildflowers,
peonies, asparagus
Types of Trees
Deciduous Trees –
Trees that loose their
leaves each fall.
Evergreen Trees –
Trees that retain their
leaves throughout the
year.
Fall Coloration and Wilting
Fall Coloration
Abscission Layer – A
special layer of cells
that forms at the base
of the petiole and the
stem
…severing the
connection between
the two
Where did the green
go?
When the abscission
layer forms this cuts the
transport of materials
into the leaf, slowing the
formation of new
chlorophyll.
…Old chlorophyll
cannot function any
longer leaving behind
other less noticeable
pigments
…(Which are also
present in flowers,
fruits, and roots of
some plants)
Pigments
Xanthophyll – Produces
yellowish colors
Carotene – Produces
yellowish-orange colors
Anthocyanin –
Produces a bright red,
blue, and purple colors
Monocots
 Has one (1) seed leaf
(Cotyledon)
 Has parallel Veins
 Has flower parts in
multiples of 3
 Has fibrous root system
Dicots
 Has two (2) seed leaves
(Cotyledons)
 Has branching veins
 Has flower parts in
multiples of 4 or5
 Has tap root system
Plant Growth
Phototropism – The
growth response of the
plant to light.
Gravitropism – The
growth response of
the plant to the earth
(gravity).
Chemotropism movement or growth in
response to chemicals
Hydrotropism movement or growth in
response to moisture or
water
Thermotropism movement or growth in
response to temperature
Thigmotropism movement or growth in
response to touch or
contact
Symmetry – To be able
to cut an object and
have both halves
exactly alike.
Radial symmetry – To
have more than one line
of symmetry going
through the same point.
Bilateral symmetry –
To have only one line
of symmetry go
through an object.
Asymmetry – Having
no lines of symmetry