Transcript Land Trusts: An audio visual presentation

Carnivorous Plants
Adapting to nutrient-poor
environments, these plants all
became killing machines…
Enter If You Dare
Carnivorous Plants
Capture and kill prey
Have a mechanism to facilitate digestion of the prey
Derive a significant benefit from nutrients assimilated from their prey
The Flowers of Carnivorous Plants are Alluring, but Deadly
Carnivorous plants derive their nutrients from trapping and consuming insects, spiders,
crustaceans and other small soil and water-living invertebrates, lizards, mice, rats, and
other small vertebrates.
Carnivorous plants have adapted to be able to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor
in nutrients, especially nitrogen, such as acidic bogs and rock outcroppings. There are an
estimated 630 species that attract and trap prey, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb
the resulting available nutrients.
Carnivorous plants lure their prey by using specialized leaves that act as traps. Traps
of carnivorous plants include use of bright colors, flowers, nectar, guide hairs, and/or leaf
extensions. Once caught and killed, the prey is digested by the plant, its nutrients absorbed.
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A bog is perfect for carnivorous plants.
Go Forward to find out about the
trapping mechanisms of
carnivorous plants
Carnivorous Plants Have Trapping Mechanisms
Methods carnivorous plants use to catch prey are called trapping mechanisms. Carnivorous
plants are grouped by their trapping mechanisms. Plants might produce nectar as a lure;
Plants might produce an attractive smell; The trap may have visual appeal--this may only be
visible in UV; The surface of the trap might be particularly slippery or waxy; Hairs may be
present that point prey to the point of no return; Special trap windows may let light in, but not
allow escape--this can disorient prey; Trap fluids may be particularly sticky or viscous.
The Sundew catches prey
with glue-like droplets
»
The Bladderwort is an
underwater killing machine
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An insect is caught in a
waterwheel
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This pitcher plant
drowns its victims
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Trapping Mechanisms of
Carnivorous Plants.
The Venus Fly Trap
relies on a trigger trap
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Main Menu: Carnivorous Plants & Their Tricky Traps
Flypaper Traps
Killer Fungi
use sticky mucilage to
ensnare their prey.
trap & digest tiny creatures.
Pitfall
Traps
trap prey in a rolled leaf that contains a pool of digestive enzymes.
Venus Fly Traps
are the stars of the
carnivorous plant world! This
special feature will show you
how to grow your own.
Trigger Traps
such as the famous Venus Fly Trap snap
close when prey activate hair triggers.
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such as swamps and bogs, are poor in nutrients,
causing plants to “go” carnivorous to survive.
How Pitfall Traps Work
The open pool traps have pools of water to drown
victims. The tall, thin Sarracenia traps have only a
small amount if any free water and essentially starve
their prey to death. Most of the pitfall traps have
hoods to exclude rain. The plant determines the
amount of water in the trap and will pump it in or
out as necessary. The leaves may also adjust the pH
of the water and release digestive enzymes.
Creatures drown in the pools of water in pitfall
plants.
Pitfall traps are leaves modified into pit-like structures. The
simplest pitfall traps are where the base of the whorl of
leaves seal to form a cup to catch water. Prey slip down the
leaves into the pool at the base and drown. The other
carnivores with pitfall traps have highly modified leaves
where each leaf is a separate trap. The traps may have nectar,
bright colors, or a flower-like scent to attract prey. The traps
may have hairs to direct prey to the trap opening or cause the
prey to fall into the trap. The lip of the trap is slippery and
the inside of the trap waxy.
Go forward to learn about Nepenthes,
another tricky pitfall trap!
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Pitfall Traps: Nepenthes
The Nepenthes are popularly known as tropical
pitcher plants or monkey cups. The Nepenthes
trap contains a fluid of the plant's own
production, which may be watery or syrupy and
is used to drown the prey. The trapping
efficiency of this fluid remains high, even when
significantly diluted by water, as inevitably
happens in wet conditions.
Nepenthes
The lower part of the trap contains glands which
absorb nutrients from captured prey. Along the
upper inside part of the trap is a slick waxy
coating which makes the escape of its prey
nearly impossible. Surrounding the entrance to
the trap is a structure called the peristome (the
"lip") which is slippery and often quite colorful,
attracting prey but offering an unsure footing.
Above the peristome is a lid (the operculum): in
many species this keeps rain from diluting the
fluid within the pitcher, the underside of which
may contain nectar glands which attract prey.
Nepenthes are found in Australia, South China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Madagascar, New Caledonia, India, and Sri Lanka
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Dead insects are shown inside Nepenthes
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How Pitfalls
Work
Next: The
Deadly
Cobra Lily
Pitfall Traps: Darlingtonia, the Cobra Lily
The genus Darlingtonia contains only one species more commonly known as
the cobra lily or California pitcher plant. The cobra lily has many devices to
capture and keep their prey, although like all pitfall traps, it has no moving
parts. The cobra lily is still very effective, attracting prey with its colorful
leaves that emit a honey-like scent. The cobra lily is known by a pair of
appendages that are sometimes described as fangs.
Nectar glistens on these fangs as prey land
on the pitcher to feed. As the insects forage,
they eventually crawl upwards towards the
pitcher mouth. The pitcher top is set with
translucent windows, lighting the interior
and making it appear safe. Once insects
enter the pitcher, escape is unlikely. The
pitcher tube is slick and adorned with
downwards-pointing hairs.
The Cobra Lily is found in the
mountains of Oregon and Northern
California
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learn about other tricky
traps!
Trigger Traps: Aldrovanda, the Waterwheel Plant
Aldrovanda, commonly called the waterwheel plant, is a free-floating and rootless
aquatic plant. This plant is closely related to the Venus flytrap and shares many of
its attributes--it functions as a snap-trap carnivore, only they snare under water!
The waterwheel plant is so named because a single whorl of leaves cut from a
stem is wheel-like.
The strange snapping behavior of the plant was observed as early as 1861, but it
was not until careful work by Darwin was it proven that it was carnivorous. The
traps produce phosphate-digesting enzymes used to absorb their prey.
One “wheel” of a waterwheel plant
Each leaf in a whorl terminates
in a small clam-like trap. Just
like the traps of a Venus
flytrap, the trap lobes of
Aldrovanda contain trigger
hairs. When stimulated, these
cause the traps to close. The
closure takes about 1/4 to 1/2
seconds, the trap lobes pushing
water as they close. If no prey
is captured, the trap reopens in
ten to twenty hours.
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A single leaf
A waterwheel plant
A waterwheel bog
The Waterwheel Plant is found in Europe, Australia,
India, Japan, and Africa.
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A bug is trapped
Next: The
Venus
Flytrap
Trigger Traps: The Venus Flytrap
The Venus Flytrap secretes sweet-smelling nectar attracting insects.
When an insect lands on the head of the trap, it looks for the source
of the scent, leading to the plant's open trap. If the insect touches
the trigger hairs, the trap quickly snaps shut, trapping the victim
inside. The struggling prey stimulates the plant to shut tighter,
sealing the mouth and filling it with digestive enzymes much like
saliva. The enzymes dissolve the insect, allowing the Venus Flytrap
to absorb its nutrients. After five to ten days, the trap will reopen,
releasing the indigestible skeleton of its prey.
Venus Flytraps are indigenous only to the nitrogen poor bogs on
the coasts of North and South Carolina, USA
More on Venus Flytraps and Related Subjects
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Growing & Caring for Venus Flytraps
Flytrap: Survival Mechanisms
How to Grow Venus Flytraps
How to Make a Terrarium
How to Care for Venus Flytraps
Venus Flytrap Main Page
Trigger Hairs & How They Work
Importance of Fire &Flowers
Trapping and Digesting Prey
Green Swamp, North Carolina
Venus Flytraps are Endangered
An Ideal Habitat
Threats to Wildlife in Green Swamp
Why Venus Flytraps are Endangered
What Is Being Done & How You Can Help
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Water Wheel
Bladder
Plants
Trigger Traps: Utricularia or Bladderwort Plant
Bladder traps are exclusive to
the genus Utricularia, or
bladderworts. The bladders
(vesicula) pump ions out of
their interiors. Water follows
by osmosis, generating a
partial vacuum inside the
bladder. The bladder has a
small opening, sealed by a
hinged door.
Bladderworts growing in bog
In aquatic species, the door has a pair of long trigger
hairs. Invertebrates touch these hairs and open the door
by lever action, releasing the vacuum. The invertebrate
is sucked into the bladder, where it is digested. Many
species of bladderwort are terrestrial, growing on
waterlogged soil, and their trapping mechanism is
triggered in a slightly different manner.
A single bladder
Bladderworts lack roots,
but have anchoring stems
that resemble them.
Aquatic bladderworts die
back to a resting state
during the winter months.
Some species of bladderwort appear to regulate the
number of bladders it bears
in response to the nutrient
content of its habitat.
Aquatic Bladderwort
Bladderworts, the only species
of carnivorous plant to suck in
their victims, are found in
bogs all over the world.
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Venus
Flytraps
A creature is caught
Click on Main Menu for other
tricky traps!
Flypaper Traps: The Butterwort Plant
Butterworts use sticky, glandular leaves to lure,
trap, and digest insects in order to supplement
the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the
environment. The adhesive trap is the simplest
trapping mechanism used by carnivorous plants.
In order to catch and digest insects,
the leaf of a butterwort uses two
types of specialized glands that are
scattered across the upper surface
of the leaf. The first type of gland
produces a mucilaginous secretion,
forming visible droplets on the leaf
surface. This wet appearance helps
lure prey in search of water.
When an insect lands, the glands
release additional mucilage from
reservoir cells located at the base of
their stalks. As the insect struggles,
glands are triggered to release more
sticky mucilage.
The second type of gland, the sessile gland is found flat on the leaf surface.
Once the prey is entrapped and digestion begins, the initial flow of nitrogen
triggers enzyme release by these second glands. The enzymes break down the
digestible components of the insect body. The fluids are then absorbed back into
the leaf surface, leaving only the exoskeleton of the insects on the leaf surface.
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Butterwort Plants are found mainly
in North America and parts of Asia
Next is the deadly Byblis or
Rainbow Plant
Flypaper Traps: Byblis or Rainbow Plant
•
Byblis is a small genus of carnivorous plants, sometimes termed the
rainbow plant for the attractive appearance of their mucilage-covered
leaves in bright sunshine. Native to western Australia, it is the only genus
in the family Byblidaceae. All Byblis species are native to Australia. Like
many carnivorous plants, Byblis species usually grow in bogs and
marshes. They generally prefer seasonally wet sandy soil in partial or
direct sunlight. The flowers of the Byblis species have five curved
stamens off to one side of its pistil.
The Byblis Plant in the Wild
The Byblis seed
The flower of the Byblis Plant
The Byblis Plant is indigenous
only to parts of Australia.
As native plants of Australia, all Byblis
species are protected. Until the year
2000, they were also given international
protection. Since then trade of the
genus has been unregulated outside of
Australia. The majority of plant
material sold today is produced in
cultivation. Most of the other species
must be grown from seed, collected
from the wild for this purpose.
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Butterwort
Plant
Next: the
Sundew
Plant
Flypaper Traps: Drosera: the Sundew
Sundew Plants in a Bog
A close-up of sundew droplets
Sundews are sticky flypaper
plants. They bear long tentacles on
their leaves, the stalks tipped with
glands which are often bright
colors. The glands exude attractive
nectar, adhesive compounds, and
digestive enzymes. Insects that
land on the leaves stick fast and
are digested. Glandular tentacles
located nearby are then stimulated,
also adhering to the insect.
On many species of sundews, the
entire leaf coils around the prey.
This takes from minutes to hours
to complete. Tentacles can bend in
different directions, according to
where the prey is caught on a leaf.
The tentacles of the sundew know
the direction to bend towards its
prey, although scientists still
cannot explain how.
Sundews are unusual carnivorous
plants, in that they can survive in
any climate from swamps in North
America, to jungles in Brazil,
snow-covered mountains in
Scandinavia, and warm, dry plains
of Australia.
A Sundew quickly captures its prey
Sundew curls around prey
With more than 100 species, and the ability to grow
in almost any climate, Sundews are found in every
continent in the world except for Antarctica.
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Rainbow Plant
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Dragonfly is caught
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more tricky traps!
How To Grow a Venus Flytrap
Like all carnivorous plants, the Venus Flytrap evolved from surviving in nutrient poor swamps and
bogs. To survive in cultivation, the natural environment of the Flytrap must be replicated. A moist
environment with up to 50% humidity, poor, sandy soil devoid of nitrogen and other typical
nutrients is crucial to the survival of the Venus Flytrap.
It is illegal to dig up Venus Flytraps in the wild in both North and South
Carolina, the only place Venus Flytraps grow naturally. Check your local
nursery to obtain Venus Flytrap seeds or plants. For links to websites for
commercial Venus Flytrap growers in the Carolinas, click Here.
During the winter, Flytraps enter a period of dormancy for about three
months. Do not attempt to keep a Venus Flytrap active during its dormant
period as this period of hibernation is necessary for its health.
Drawing of Flytrap
Terrariums are easy to make and care for, and are effective
for growing Venus Flytraps. Instructions on how to make
your own terrarium are found on the next page or by clicking
this link: MAKING A TERRARIUM.
Sometimes Venus Flytraps fall prey
to small insects such as aphids.
Growers recommend killing pests
by immersing the entire Venus
Flytrap plant in distilled or rain
water for 24 to 36 hours, drowning
anything infesting the plant without
harming the Venus Flytrap.
Cultivated Flytrap
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Flytraps in Wild
Venus Flytrap Special Topics
Growing & Caring for Venus Flytraps
Flytrap: Survival Mechanisms
How to Grow Venus Flytraps
How to Make a Terrarium
How to Care for Venus Flytraps
Venus Flytrap Main Page
Trigger Hairs & How They Work
Importance of Fire &Flowers
Trapping and Digesting Prey
Green Swamp, North Carolina
An Ideal Habitat
Threats to Wildlife in Green Swamp
Venus Flytraps are Endangered
Why Venus Flytraps are Endangered
How You Can Help
To Return to Venus Flytrap
Main Page, click Here
To Return to Main Page of
Trigger Traps, click Here
Making a Terrarium for Venus
Making a Terrarium for a Venus Flytrap
A terrarium can be built out of a one-liter bottle, for one plant, or a fish tank, for
several. Whatever container is used, it should be a clear, partially-enclosed
container. Start by layering the bottom with approximately one-inch of perlite.
Add a mixture of around 60% peat or sphagnum moss and 40% perlite until the
terrarium is 1/3 full. Pour in enough water to make the mixture wet, but not quite
soggy. Add a thick layer of wet, long fiber sphagnum moss.
Poke holes in the moss and insert your plant. You can place it
in the terrarium still in its pot, or transplant it completely. Be
aware that transplanted Flytraps may initially show signs of
stress. Stress manifests itself in a Venus Flytrap as blackened
leaves. Blackened leaves may be trimmed off.
Flytrap Terrarium
Supplies to Make a Terrarium
perlite
Perlite, one of the recommended planting mediums for Venus Flytraps, is an amorphous volcanic glass occurring naturally.
Perlite has a relatively high water content, typically formed by the hydration of obsidian.
Venus Flytrap Special Topics
Keep Your Terrarium Moist & Do Not Fertilize!
Growing & Caring for Venus Flytraps
Flytrap: Survival Mechanisms
Do not allow a terrarium to dry out. If covered, open
often to provide plants with fresh air.
How to Grow Venus Flytraps
How to Make a Terrarium
How to Care for Venus Flytraps
Venus Flytrap Main Page
Trigger Hairs & How They Work
Importance of Fire &Flowers
Trapping and Digesting Prey
Do not use fertilizer to grow Venus Flytraps. They
have adapted to nitrogen poor environments, and
fertilizer will kill them.
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Green Swamp, North Carolina
An Ideal Habitat
Threats to Wildlife in Green Swamp
Venus Flytraps are Endangered
Why Venus Flytraps are Endangered
How You Can Help
To Return to Venus Flytrap Main Page,
click Here
To Return to Trigger Traps, click Here
Caring for a Venus Flytrap
Live food is preferred, as the struggling insect aids in the digestive process.
However, dead bugs can be fed to your flytrap providing they died of natural
means - ie, not by pesticide. Crickets can be bought in the local pet shop and cut
up to be fed to your plant. You can feed them to your plant using tweezers. Try to
avoid touching the plant yourself. Make sure that whatever you feed your plant is
no larger than around a third of the size of the trap you are feeding it to. Large
insects and some ants can cause leaf-burn, killing or injuring the trap.
Venus Flytraps can survive without eating for up to two months, so
if your Flytrap is not in a terrarium, then there is no need to feed
it. Never feed your plant hamburger or any other protein and fatbased meat. Fatty meat will rot the plant and kill it. Do not feed a
Flytrap more than once a week. Feeding every ten days is
recommended.
A partially digested insect
No matter how or where
you keep your Venus
Flytrap, it will need a lot
of indirect sunlight. A
window facing south or a
florescent light bulb on
for ten to 15 hours daily
will suffice. Do not use
incandescent bulbs or
place your plant in direct
sunlight.
Never fertilize a Flytrap. They thrive in nutrient poor environments.
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The water you use for your Venus Flytrap
should be pure, preferably rainwater or
distilled water. Tap water is full of chlorine
and minerals that your plant's sensitive
roots are unused to. If you use tap water, let
it sit for several days so that the chlorine
has time to evaporate.
Artificially springing the
traps drains the plant's
energy, and can cause
the head to become less
sensitive and possibly
die.
Flytraps vary slightly in color
Venus Flytrap Special Topics
Growing & Caring for Venus Flytraps
Flytrap: Survival Mechanisms
How to Grow Venus Flytraps
How to Make a Terrarium
How to Care for Venus Flytraps
Venus Flytrap Main Page
Trigger Hairs & How They Work
Importance of Fire &Flowers
Trapping and Digesting Prey
Green Swamp, North Carolina
An Ideal Habitat
Threats to Wildlife in Green Swamp
Venus Flytraps are Endangered
Why Venus Flytraps are Endangered
How You Can Help
To Return to Venus Flytrap Main Page,
click Here
To Return to Trigger Traps, click Here
To Exit, click Here
Trapping and Digesting Prey
An insect set to trigger the trap
The Venus Flytrap is one of a very small group of
plants capable of rapid movement, along with
Mimosas, Telegraph plants, Sundews and
Bladderworts. The mechanism by which the trap snaps
shut involves a complex interaction between elasticity
and growth. When open, the lobes of the Venus Flytrap
are convex (bent outwards), but in the closed state, the
lobes are concave (forming a cavity). It is the rapid
switching of these states that closes the trap, but the
mechanism is still poorly understood.
When the trigger hairs are stimulated, cells in the
lobes are stimulated. If the prey is unable to escape,
it continues to stimulate the inner surface of the
Flytrap lobes with its struggle. This forces the lobe to A magnification of trigger hair
shut tighter, sealing the trap hermetically. The sealed
lobe forms a ‘stomach' in which digestion occurs.
Enzymes secreted by glands in the lobes aid in
digestion. Digestion takes about ten days, when the
trap reopens and releases any remains.
Venus Flytrap Special Topics
Each lobe of the
Venus Flytrap can
trap approximately
5 or 6 times before
it will die and fall
off the plant.
A spider lives dangerously
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Growing & Caring for Venus Flytraps
Flytrap: Survival Mechanisms
How to Grow Venus Flytraps
How to Make a Terrarium
How to Care for Venus Flytraps
Venus Flytrap Main Page
Trigger Hairs & How They Work
Importance of Fire &Flowers
Trapping and Digesting Prey
Green Swamp, North Carolina
An Ideal Habitat
Threats to Wildlife in Green Swamp
Venus Flytraps are Endangered
Why Venus Flytraps are Endangered
How You Can Help
To Return to Venus Flytrap Main Page,
click Here
To Return to Trigger Traps, click Here
To Exit, click Here
The Importance of Flowers and Fire to Flytraps
The Venus Flytrap is found in nitrogen and phosphorous-poor environments,
such as bogs and wet savannahs. Small in stature and slow growing, the Venus
flytrap tolerates fire well, and depends on periodic burning to suppress its
competition. Fire suppression threatens its future in the wild. It survives in
wet sandy and peaty soils. Although it has been successfully transplanted and
grown in many locales around the world, it is found natively only in North
and South Carolina in the United States, specifically within a 60-mile radius
of Wilmington, North Carolina.
The flower of the Venus Flytrap
Like all flowers of carnivorous
plants, the flowers of the Venus
Flytrap are on stalks far above its
leaves in order to protect crosspollinators from the traps below. If
your flytrap grows a flower stem
with clusters of white blooms, trim
it back when it reaches 3 inches.
Flowers can exhaust and possibly
kill the plant. Unless collecting
seeds is a goal, flowers are
unnecessary in cultivated Flytraps.
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An insect is unaware
A Venus Flytrap with open leaves
Trap is open
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The trap closes
Venus Flytrap Special Topics
Growing & Caring for Venus Flytraps
Flytrap: Survival Mechanisms
How to Grow Venus Flytraps
How to Make a Terrarium
How to Care for Venus Flytraps
Venus Flytrap Main Page
Trigger Hairs & How They Work
Importance of Fire &Flowers
Trapping and Digesting Prey
Green Swamp, North Carolina
An Ideal Habitat
Threats to Wildlife in Green Swamp
Venus Flytraps are Endangered
Why Venus Flytraps are Endangered
How You Can Help
To Return to Venus Flytrap Main Page,
click Here
To Return to Trigger Traps, click Here
To Exit, click Here
Trapping and Digesting Prey
1. An open Venus Flytrap
2. A spider crawls inside drawn to a sweet scent
3. The trap closes
4. The trap shuts
Following the source of a sweet scent, the prey touches trigger hairs causing the trap to
quickly snap shut, trapping the prey inside. The prey struggles, which stimulates the
plant to shut tighter, sealing the mouth and filling it with digestive enzymes like saliva.
These enzymes dissolve the prey allowing the Venus Flytrap to absorb its nutrients.
After five to ten days, the trap reopens, releasing any undigested skeletal remains.
Venus Flytrap Special Topics
5. Inside trap: mid-digestion
Venus Flytraps can be cultivated,
but they are indigenous to roughly
a sixty mile radius in nutrientstarved swamps and bogs around
Wilmington, North Carolina.
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The flowers entice prey
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Growing & Caring for Venus Flytraps
Flytrap: Survival Mechanisms
How to Grow Venus Flytraps
How to Make a Terrarium
How to Care for Venus Flytraps
Venus Flytrap Main Page
Trigger Hairs & How They Work
Importance of Fire &Flowers
Trapping and Digesting Prey
Green Swamp, North Carolina
An Ideal Habitat
Threats to Wildlife in Green Swamp
Venus Flytraps are Endangered
Why Venus Flytraps are Endangered
How You Can Help
To Return to Venus Flytrap Main Page,
click Here
To Return to Trigger Traps, click Here
To Exit, click Here
Links to Relevant Websites
International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS) is an
organization of horticulturists, conservationists,
scientists, and educators all interested in sharing
knowledge and news of carnivorous plants.
http://www.carnivorousplants.org/
The Botanical Society of America provides
photographs and information about carnivorous plants
http://www.botany.org/carnivorous_plants/
Carnivorous Plant Nursery is the leading provider of
educational materials that use carnivorous plants to
promote environmental stewardship. They provide a
complete line of low-cost, high-quality carnivorous
plants from around the world, as well as teaching
materials for carnivorous plants.
http://www.carnivorousplantnursery.com/
Carnivorous Plant Database
This database includes over 3000 entries with an
exhaustive synopsis of all carnivorous plants.
http://www.omnisterra.com/bot/cp_home.cgi
Carnivorous Plants Micro-propagation Laboratory
Specialists in propagation of Venus Flytrap plants
http://www.bestcarnivorousplants.com
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Pitfall Traps
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Pitfalls
Waterwheel
Butterwort
Nepenthes
Venus Flytrap
Byblis
Cobra Lily
Bladderwort
Sundew
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Care for Flytraps
Digestion
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