Transcript Anthophyta (flowering plants)

Vascular plants- Have
vascular tissue (vessels)
that carry nutrients up
and down plant
-includes all plants that
grow in height
Parts of the vascular tissue
1. Xylem-transports water
and nutrients from root to
leaves
2. Phloem- Transports
sugars from leaves to
other parts of plant
**Both structures extend from
root tip through stem to
leaves
Vascular plants are divided into 2
groups:
1. Gymnosperms
2.Angiosperms
Produce seeds in cones
Ex. Pines, palm trees
Most are evergreens
Produce seeds in fruit
(Produce flowers)
Fruit-Flesh around a
seed includes most
plants
Most are deciduous
*Both types have seedshard coat around the embryo
Advantages of seeds:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Seeds have food to nourish embryo
Protects
Aids in dispersal
Does not require much water to
reproduce
Anthophyta (flowering plants)
have 2 kinds of seeds:
1. Monocot-stands for
mono cotyledon
-Seeds have 1 seed
leaf (Ex. Grasses,
orchids, lilies)
2. Dicot-stands for di
cotyledon
-Seeds have 2 seed
leaves (Ex. Garden
flowers, most trees)
Some adaptations
plants:
-During droughts, cold, and
limited sunlight, roots and
stems store food
3 Ways They Store Food
1. Bulb- short stem enclosed
in a fleshy leaf base ex.
Onion
2. Corm- short thickened
underground stem that is
not in a fleshy leaf base
3. Tuber- swollen root or stem
with buds that sprout to form
new leaves
-Each eye develops a shoot (ex.
Potato)
Flowering Plants
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Anthophyta
Common Name: Angiosperms
Lifecycles of Flowering Plants:
1. Annual-Live 1 year only (Ex.
Corn/Wheat)
-sprout, grow, reproduce & die
-Most herbaceous-no woody
material
2. Biennial-Complete life cycle in 2
years (Ex. Carrot/turnips)
-1st year-grow leaves and
roots/above ground part dies back
in winter
-2nd year-produce new shoots,
reproduce (make flowers & seeds),
& die
3. Perennial-Take several years
-Produce flowers and seeds
periodically
-includes all plants that have wood
Anthophyta (Angiosperm) plant
structures:
1. Roots- Underground
part of plant
Functions:
1. Anchor
2. Absorbs water
and
nutrients
3. Transports
nutrients to stem
4. Stores food
(ex. Carrot)
Structures of a root
1. Epidermis- Outermost
layer of cells
2. Root hairs- Extension of
an epidermal cell
-used to increase the
area of the root to
absorb more water
3. Cortex- Layer beneath
epidermisit passes nutrients from
the epidermis to the
center of the plant
(vascular tissue)
--Cells that make up
cortex called
parenchyma cells
4. Endodermis- innermost
layer of cortex that
surrounds the vascular
tissue-it is a waterproof
seal that controls
passage of water into a
root
5. Pericycle- layer inside
endodermis-it gives rise
to the lateral roots that
grow at side of larger
roots
6. Vascular tissue- in
middle of rootconsists of two parts:
a. xylem
b. phloem
2 Parts of Vascular Tissue
a. xylem-transports water up and down
b. Phloem-transports sugar and nutrients
How roots grow?
There are three zones of
root growth:
1. Root cap-at tip of root-it
protects root as it
penetrates down into
earth
2. Zone of elongation-new
cells are produced here
pushing cells further
down into soil adding
length
3. Zone of
differentiation-cells
here develop into
different areas such
as the cortex,
pericycle
**Apical meristemwhere the cells of the
root divide by mitosis
adding new cells to
root
--responsible for
growth in length of
plant
2. Stem-above ground part of
plant
Functions:
1. Support leaves
2. Includes
vascular tissue
(transports
nutrients and
water)
3. Where leaves
and flower
buds are
produced
Stem Structures
1. Vascular tissue- In middle
Includes xylem and phloem
Xylem- Transports water
Phloem- Transports
nutrients/sugar
*Other structures are like
root
*Vascular cambium- where
cells divide by mitosis to allow
growth in width of plant
-width is called girth
3. Leaves
--Have a waxy layer- cuticle
--Have openings called stomata
--Cells that regulate size of openings are
called guard cells
Leaf Structure:
1. Epidermis- outer
layer of cells
2. Mesophyl- beneath
epidermis
*Place where
photosynthesis
occurs
3. Vascular tissuelocated within
mesophyl takes
nutrients and water
to and from leaf
Transpiration
• Evaporation of water from leaf surface
Modified Leaf Structures:
• Cactus spines- pointed to
protect and reduce water loss
• Onion leafs- food storage
• Pincher plants- trap insects
• Aloe Vera- store water