Transcript 1. List the characteristics that distinguish plants from organisms in

Chapter 29 Reading Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
About how many species of plants inhabit
earth today?
What are the two generations in the
“alternation of generations”?
What structure made of waxes coats
most land plant’s leaves?
What is the purpose of the structure in
#3?
Which vascular tissue transports water &
minerals?
1. List the characteristics that distinguish
plants from organisms in the other kingdoms.
Plants:
• Are multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic
autotrophs
• have cell walls with cellulose
• Store food as starch 
2. Diagram a generalized plant life cycle
indicating which generation is
sporophyte/gametophyte, which individuals
are haploid/diploid, where meiosis occurs and
where mitosis occurs.
3. Describe four major periods of plant
evolution that opened new adaptive zones on
land.
1.
475 million years ago  origin of plants
from aquatic ancestors (green algae)
2. 400 million years ago  diversification of
seedless vascular plants
3. 360 million years ago  origin of seed
plants
4. 130 million years ago  beginning of the
flowering plants 
4. Distinguish between the categories
division and phylum.
• Division is the same as phylum, but in plants
• For example: in plants the taxonomic order is 
Kingdom
Division (instead of Phylum)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species 
5. Using the classification scheme presented in the text, list
the plant divisions; give the common name for each; and
categorize them into nonvascular, vascular seedless and
vascular seed plants.
Nonvascular
• Bryophyta  mosses
• Hepatophyta  liverworts
• Anthocerophyta  hornworts
Seedless Vascular
• Lycophyta  lycophytes
• Sphenophyta  horsetails
• Pterophyta  ferns
continued…
#5 continued…
Vascular seeds
1. Gymnosperms
•
Coniferophyta  conifers
•
Cycadophyta  cycads
•
Ginkgophyta  ginkgoes
•
Gnetophyta  gnetae
2. Angiosperms
•
Anthophyta  flowering plants 
6. Provide evidence to defend the position
that plants evolved from green algae.
Homologies in:
• Cell wall composition (cellulose)
• Structure and pigmentation of chloroplasts
• Biochemical similarity showing a genetic
relationship 
7. Describe three adaptations that made
bryophytes’ move onto land possible.
1.
Waxy cuticles (prevents dessication, or
drying out on land)
2. Protection of gametes (seed coat, tough
membranes)
3. Protection of developing embryos 
8. Explain how bryophytes are still tied to
water.
• They still need water to reproduce –
flagellated sperm swim to egg
• No vascular tissue to carry water – must
happen through diffusion, capillary action,
and cytoplasmic streaming 
9. List and distinguish among the three
divisions of Bryophytes.
Bryophyta  the mosses
• Rhizoids grip ground
• have stem & leaflike structures
Hepatophyta  the liverworts
• Bodies divided into lobes
• Can reproduce asexually from gemmae
Anthocerophyta  the hornworts
• Sporophyte is horn-shaped
• Cells have one large chloroplast
• Most closely related to vascular plants 
10. Diagram the life cycle of a moss including
gamete production, fertilization, and spore
production.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Separate male and female gametophytes with antheridia
and archegonia
Sperm swims to archegonium and fertilizes egg
Diploid zygote divides by mitosis and develops into an
embryonic sporophyte
Sporophyte grows from archegonium and remains attached
Top of sporophyte is sporangium where meiosis occurs and
haploid spores develop – spores scatter
Spores germinate by mitotic development
Haploid protonema continue to grow and differentiate
eventually forming sexually mature gametophytes,
completing the life cycle 
11. Compare environmental conditions faced
by algae in an aquatic environment and plants
in a terrestrial environment.
Obvious issues:
• Algae  live in water; don’t need
vascular tissue or seeds
• Plants  live on land where it’s dry;
need seeds and vascular tissue to
survive most effectively 
12. Provide evidence that suggests the
division Bryophyta is a phylogenetic branch
separate from vascular plants.
• The life cycle is different  the haploid
gametophyte is the dominant generation in
mosses and other bryophytes; the
sporophytes are smaller and depend on the
gametophyte for water and nutrients 
13. Describe six adaptations of vascular plants,
including modifications of the life cycle and
modifications of the sporophyte that have
contributed to their success on land.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Regional specialization of the plant body (roots,
stems, leaves)
Structural support – lignin embedded into
cellulose
Vascular system – xylem (water) and phloem
(food)
Pollen – eliminated need for water to transport
gametes
Seeds
Increased dominance of diploid sporophyte 
14. List and distinguish among the three
extant (not extinct) divisions of seedless
vascular plants.
Lycophyta  the club mosses and ground pines
• Rhizomes and true leaves
Sphenophyta  the horsetails
• Live in damp locations with flagellated sperm
• Are homosporous with a conspicuous sporophyte
• Have free-living gametophytes
Pterophyta  about 12,000 species of ferns
• Dominant sporophyte, homosporous, free-living
gametophyte
• Water needed for fertilization 
15. Distinguish between homosporous and
heterosporous.
• Homosporous 
- produces a single type of spore
- each spore develops into a plant with both
sex organs
• Heterosporous 
- produces 2 types of spores
1. Megaspores – female with archegonia
2. Microspores – male with antheridia 
16. Distinguish among spore, sporophyte,
sporophyll, and sporangium.
Spore – haploid cell that produces the
gametophyte
Sporophyte – multicellular diploid form resulting
from the union of gametes; produces spores
Sporophyll – where sporangia are found – leaves
that are specialized for reproduction
Sporangium – capsule in which meiosis occurs and
haploid spores develop 
17. Diagram the life cycle of a fern including
spore production, gamete production and
fertilization.
• Spore production  in sporangium from
the sporophyte
• Gamete production  from the
antheridium and archegonium on the
gametophyte
• Fertilization  egg (n) + sperm (n) becomes
zygote (2n) and grows to become new
sporophyte 
18. Point out the major life cycle differences
between mosses and ferns.
 sporophyte is dominant in ferns, not in
mosses
Spores are protected by sporopollenin in
ferns, not mosses 
19. Describe how coal is formed and during
which geological period the most extensive
coal beds were produced.
 happened in the Carboniferous period
- organic rubble of the seedless plants
accumulated as peat
- later it was covered by the sea and
sediments, heat and pressure transformed
the peat into coal
The End!