Transcript Metamorphosis (Harriet Riley)

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Metamorphosis &
Insect Diet
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Insects pass through 3
separate stages of growth; as
egg, nymph, and adult.
•Locusts, grasshoppers,
cockroaches, termites and
dragonflies
Egg develops into adult by
nymphs which are, essentially,
adults lacking wings
Moulting takes place during
instars (each nymphal stage)
Complete Metamorphosis
Insects pass through four separate stages of growth, as
egg (embryo), larva, pupa, and adult (imago).
Also called holometabolism
Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths)
Dpitera (flies)
Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees)
Siphonaptera (fleas)
Strepsiptera (parasites)
Thysanoptera (thrips)
* Thrips metamorphosis is intermediate between simple and complex
Amphibian Metamorphosis
Lepidopterous Insect
► Lepidopterous
insects live a four stage life
style: Egg, Nymph and Adult
►These
insects have four large scale covered
wings that bear distinctive markings and
larva that are caterpillars
Egg
•Butterfly eggs are made of a hard-ridged outer layer of shell called the
chorion.
•This is lined with a thin coating of wax which prevents the egg from drying
out before the larva has had time to fully develop.
•Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end,
called micropyles; the purpose of these holes is to allow sperm to enter and
fertilize the egg.
•Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species, but they are
all either spherical or ovate.
Larvae
► Larvae
has ONE basic function:….
► Also…
► Distribution of species as larvae are motile
► In parasitic species, they help move the parasite to
the host
► Larvae are responsible for feeding and growth.
Caterpillar
Segmented body: Head, thorax (3 pairs of joined legs), and an abdomen
(5 pairs of stumpy prolegs + 1 clasper)
•Simple eyes (ocelli) which only detect changes in light
•Powerful jaws: Mandibles which have sharp cutting surfaces
•Maxillae: Help guild food into mouth
•Contain chemical detectors which help the caterpillar identify
food
Pupa & Chrysalis
► Pupa-(pl.
pupae) the third, inactive stage of
insects with complete metamorphosis, the
transition stage between the larval and adult
stages. Usually non-mobile.
► Chrysalis-a
butterfly pupa, not enclosed in a
cocoon, a pupa without a protective cover.
Butterfly
Butterflies are today distributed
throughout the world except in the
very cold and arid regions. There
are an estimated 17,500 species of
butterflies (Papilionoidea) out of
about 180,000 species of
Lepidoptera
Magnified scale from
a butterfly's wing
Nutritional Requirements
► Egg
 Yolk: Contains proteins, phospholipids and fats
needed for rapid development.
► Caterpillar
 Leaves: Protein for growth & carbohydrate for
energy
► Pupa
 None: Uses stored energy for metamorphosis
► Butterfly
/ Moth
 Nectar: High source of energy for flying
Insect Diet
► Depending
on what an insect
eats, it is described as being
either;
► Phytophagous: Feeding on
plants
► Zoophagous: Feeding on
other organisms
► Saprophagous: Feeding from
decaying organic matter
Phytophagous
► Anthophagous:
Flowers
► Clethorophagous: Seeds
► Cone-feeding: Seeds & cones of conifers
► Frugivorous: Fruit or fruiting bodies of plants
► Heteroconophagous: Stems & Needles
► Nectarivorus: Nectar
► Phyllopphagous: Leaves of plants
► Pollenophagous: Pollen
► Root-feeding: Roots
► Sap-feeding: Sap
► Xylophagous: woody tissues (wood)
Cool Facts
►
“Wings or wing pads are not visible on the outside of the larva,
but when larvae are dissected, tiny developing wing disks can be
found on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the
spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments. Wing disks
develop in association with a trachea that runs along the base of
the wing, and are surrounded by a thin peripodial membrane,
which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct. “
(Wikipedia)
►
:Butterflies feed primarily on nectar from flowers. Some also
derive nourishment from pollen, tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, and
dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies play an
important ecological role as pollinators.”
►
“…a butterfly is seen as the personification of a person's soul,
whether they be living, dying, or already dead.”
Bibliography
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BOOKS:
McKay, Mathew (2005), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, Hodder Arnold
Pappas, Theodore (2003), Britannica Precise Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia
Britannica
Relf, Diane (2002), The Virginia Gardener Handbook, No publisher stated
Swihart, S. L (1967). Hearing in butterflies. J. Insect Physiol 13, 469
WEBSITES:
http://www.tolweb.org/Papilionidae/12177
http://www.insectnet.com/photos/fauna1/bairdii_chrys2.htm
http://www.backyardnature.net/metacomp.htm
http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bugs/life/cycles.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly