Transcript Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial

II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
Aquatic Habitats
Terrestrial
Water available
Desiccating
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
Aquatic Habitats
Terrestrial
Water available
Desiccating
Sunlight absorbed
Sunlight available
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
Aquatic Habitats
Terrestrial
Water available
Desiccating
Sunlight absorbed
Sunlight available
Nutrients at Depth
Nutrients available
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
Aquatic Habitats
Terrestrial
Water available
Desiccating
Sunlight absorbed
Sunlight available
Nutrients at Depth
Nutrients available
Buoyant
Less Supportive
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
Aquatic Habitats
Terrestrial
Water available
Desiccating
Sunlight absorbed
Sunlight available
Nutrients at Depth
Nutrients available
Buoyant
Less Supportive
Low oxygen, higher CO2
reverse
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
B. Adaptations to Life on Land
1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss)
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
B. Adaptations to Life on Land
1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss)
2. Gametes protected
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
B. Adaptations to Life on Land
1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss)
2. Gametes protected
3. Embryo protected
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce)
2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s
B. Adaptations to Life on Land
1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss)
2. Gametes protected
3. Embryo protected
4. Spore wall thick
VULNERABLE
II. Introduction to Plants
A. Evolutionary History
B. Adaptations to Life on Land
C. Plant Evolution – Acquisition of Terrestriality
III. Plant Diversity
A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue)
1. Characteristics
a. short (no vascular tissues)
III. Plant Diversity
A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue)
1. Characteristics
a. short (no vascular tissues)
b. limited to moist habitats
(swimming sperm)
III. Plant Diversity
A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue)
2. Diversity
a. Liverworts – most primitive plants
- lie flat on ground
- antheridia and archegonia on surface
III. Plant Diversity
A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue)
2. Diversity
a. Liverworts – most primitive plants
b. Mosses
III. Plant Diversity
A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue)
2. Diversity
a. Liverworts – most primitive plants
b. Mosses
- have stomata – regulate water loss
- grow from tip (apical)
- antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips
Archegonium
Antheridium
III. Plant Diversity
A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue)
2. Diversity
a. Liverworts – most primitive plants
b. Mosses
- have stomata – regulate water loss
- grow from tip (apical)
- antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips
- swimming sperm
III. Plant Diversity
A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue)
2. Diversity
a. Liverworts – most primitive plants
b. Mosses
- have stomata – regulate water loss
- grow from tip (apical)
- antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips
- swimming sperm
- hydroid cells – die back to leave
cavities for water transport.
III. Plant Diversity
B. Tracheophyte Origins
1. The Rhyniophyta
-vascular system of phloem
and xylem
III. Plant Diversity
B. Tracheophyte Origins
1. The Rhyniophyta
Silurian – 440 mya
-vascular system of phloem
and xylem
-“tracheids” in sporophytes
-- water and nutrient
distribution
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
III. Plant Diversity
B. Tracheophyte Origins
1. The Rhyniophyta
-vascular system of phloem
and xylem
-“tracheids” in sporophytes
-- water and nutrient
distribution
-- lignin and support
III. Plant Diversity
B. Tracheophyte Origins
4. Life History: simple (primitive) - Homospory
III. Plant Diversity
C. Non-seed Tracheophytes
1. Lycophytes
(Club Mosses)
III. Plant Diversity
C. Non-seed Tracheophytes
1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses)
- ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya
III. Plant Diversity
C. Non-seed Tracheophytes
1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses)
- ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya
- simple leaves
III. Plant Diversity
C. Non-seed Tracheophytes
1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses)
- ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya
- simple leaves
- Dominant Sporophyte
(with stobili)
III. Plant Diversity
C. Non-seed Tracheophytes
1. Ferns “and their allies”
III. Plant Diversity
C. Non-seed Tracheophytes
1. Ferns “and their allies”
- true complex leaves
III. Plant Diversity
C. Non-seed Tracheophytes
1. Ferns “and their allies”
- true complex leaves
- true roots
III. Plant Diversity
C. Non-seed Tracheophytes
2. Ferns “and their allies”
- true complex leaves
- true roots
- also ancient; appearing 350 mya
- dominat sporophyte; reduced gametophyte
Fern Life Cycle:
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
- heterospory
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
- heterospory
- seeds: lipid-rich endosperm packaged with
the zygote
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
1. General Characteristics
- heterospory
- seeds: lipid-rich endosperm packaged with the zygote
-diversity:
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed”
a. Evolutionary History
- dominated during Permian (280 mya)
and through Mesozoic, and still
dominate in dry env. Today
(high latitudes, sandy soils)
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed”
a. Evolutionary History
- dominated during Permian (280 mya)
and through Mesozoic, and still
dominate in dry env. Today
(high latitudes, sandy soils)
b. Diversity
- cycads
- ginko
- Gnetales
- conifers
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
c. Gymnosperm
Life Cycle
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
3. Angiosperms – “flowering plants”
- double fertilization
- triploid endosperm
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
3. Angiosperms
- double fertilization
- triploid endosperm
- fruits
- flowers
Both serve to bribe animals to disperse either
Pollen or seeds NON-RANDOMLY. More likely to
end up in a similar habitat.
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
3. Angiosperms
- Angiosperm History
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
3. Angiosperms
- Angiosperm History
- Diversity
Dicots
ancestral
Monocots
derived
two cotyledons
one cotyledon
4-5 parted flower
3 parted flower
veins networked
veins parallel
the rest
grasses, palms
III. Plant Diversity
D. Seed Tracheophytes
3. Angiosperms
- Angiosperm History
- Diversity
- evolutionary trends:
primitive
derived
insect pollinated
wind pollinated
terrestrial
aquatic
“woody”
herbaceous