Transcript Parts of a Flower

KINGDOM PLANTAE
Botany- the study of plants
1
Multicellular, eukaryotic,
autotrophic photosynthetic with
cell walls made of cellulose.
Nonvascular plants
have no vessels, no roots, no stems
or leaves. Examples: Mosses &
Liverworts
• Vascular plants have roots, stems and leaves. The
leaves contain stomata-openings for gas and water
exchange. The cuticle - a waxy waterproof coating.
• Reproduce - sexually through meiosis and asexually
by spores and fragmentation.
• Transport tissues - phloem and xylem.
Plant Facts
• Plants live from a few weeks to 5,000 yrs
old.
• Plants that are non-woody are called
herbaceous plants.
• Plants start to grow, the embryo in the seed
begins to sprout and grow into a plant is
called Germination.
Leaves
Photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to
convert sunlight into food
Three kinds of Leaves:
Simple, Compound & Double Compound
Stomata: pores within the leaf that open to let CO2 in and O2 out. Guard cells open and close.
Cuticle: waxy covering on leaf that prevents water Most photosynthesis takes place
in the palisade mesophyll.
Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll, which is composed of
loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells.
These cells usually are surrounded by many air spaces that allow carbon
dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to freely flow around the cells.
Stems
Support plant
transports water and
nutrients
Two types of stems:
herbaceous and woody
A celery stalk soaked in food coloring will absorb the food coloring,
you can see the xylem.
Parts of the Plant
Roots / Stems / Leaves
Roots:
water and minerals are absorbed
(taproots vs fibrous roots)
also used to anchor the plant
movement of water up to leaves
is influenced by
TRANSPIRATION
Transporting materials
Phloem
Xylem
Xylem transports
water and dissolved
substances other
than sugar
throughout the plant.
Phloem transports
dissolved sugar
throughout the
plant.
Cambium
Cambium produces xylem and
phloem as the plant grows.
Plant Reproduction
• A seed is a plant organ that contains an embryo, along with a food supply, and is
covered by a protective coat.
• A seed protects the embryo from drying out and also can aid in its dispersal.
• Land plants reproduce sexual by either spores or seeds or asexually.
Pollen is produced by the
stamen, which is carried by
wind or pollinators to the
stigma of another flower.
Once the ovules are
fertilized, they develop into
seeds and the ovary of the
flower becomes the FRUIT.
Pollen Grains
Pollen contains plant sperm, and fills the air during the springtime,
which often causes seasonal allergies.
Asexual Reproduction
Many plants can make clones of themselves; this is called
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
Nonvascular Seedless Plants
• No vascular tissue, no true roots,
stems or leaves and seedless
plants.
• Phylum Bryophyta - peat moss
• Phylum Hepatophyta - liverworts
• Phylum Anthocerophyta - hornworts
Liverworts, Peat Moss & Hornworts
Polytrichum
Vascular Seedless Plants
• Reproduce by spores.
• Phylum Psilotophyta - whisk ferns
• Phylum Lycophyta - club moss & spike
moss
• Phylum Spenophyta - horsetails
• Phylum Pterophyta - ferns
Club “moss” Huperzia
Scouring rush--Equisetum
Vascular Seed Plants
• Reproduce through germination of
seeds
• Two types
– Gymnosperms - produces naked
seeds, cones, and evergreen
– Angiosperms - flowering plants
Gymnosperms
"naked seeds"
cone bearing plants
(seeds grow on cones)
needle like leaves
usually stay green year round
wind pollinated
Examples: pine trees & evergreens
Gymnosperms
• Phylum Cycadophyta - cycads
• Phylum Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba
only surviving species
• Phylum Coniferophyta - conifers, pine,
cedar, redwoods, fir, spruce, juniper,
cypress, & bald cypress.
• Phylum Gnetophyta – Ephedra
(Mormom’s tea)
Coniferophyta
•
Bristlecone pines, the
oldest known living trees
in the world, are
members of this plant
division.
• Another type of conifer,
the Pacific yew, is a
source of cancer-fighting
drugs.
•Conifers are vascular seed plants that produce seeds
in cones.
•Conifers can be identified by the characteristics of
their cones or leaves that are needlelike or scaly.
Gnetophyta
•
•
•
There are three genera of gnetophytes and each has
distinct characteristics.
Gnetum includes about 30 species of tropical trees and
climbing vines.
There are about 35 Ephedra species that grow as shrubby
plants in desert and arid regions.
• Welwitschia has only one species, which is found in
the deserts of southwest Africa.
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
flowering plants
seeds are enclosed in a fruit
most are pollinated by birds & bees
have finite growing seasons
Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions
• Phylum Anthophyta - Largest of all plant phylums. All
of these have a flower and produce a fruit.
• There are approximately 250,000 species.
• Two classes
• Monocotyledons - single seed leaf - lilies, irises, palms,
tulips, bananas, pineapples, onions, bamboo, coconut
• Dicotyledons-two seed leaves - beans, lettuce, oaks,
maple, roses, carnations, elms, cacti
Flowering Plants are divided into two
main groups:
Dicots
Monocots
Cells of the Plant
• Parenchyma cells are the most abundant kind of plant
cell.
• They are found throughout the tissues of a plant.
• These spherical cells have thin, flexible cell walls.
• Most parenchyma cells usually have a large central
vacuole, which sometimes contains a fluid called sap.
• Parenchyma cells have two main functions: storage
and food production.
• The edible portion of many fruits and vegetables are
composed mostly of parenchyma cells.
Cells of the Plant
• Collenchyma cells are long cells with unevenly thickened cell
walls.
• The structure of the cell wall is important because it allows the
cells to grow.
• The walls of collenchyma cells can stretch as the cells grow
while providing strength and support.
• The walls of sclerenchyma cells are very thick and rigid. Two
types of sclerenchyma cells commonly found in plants are
fibers and sclerids.
• Fibers are long, thin cells that form strands. Celery
• Sclerids are irregularly shaped and usually found in clusters,
gritty texture in pears.
Vascular Tissue
• Ground tissue is composed mostly of parenchyma cells.
The functions of ground tissue include photosynthesis,
storage, and support.
• A growing plant produces new cells in areas called
meristems. Meristems are regions of actively dividing cells.
Apical meristems are found at or near the tips of roots and
stems.
• The vascular cambium produces new xylem and phloem
cells in the stems and roots. The cork cambium produces
cells with tough cell walls.
ROOTS
• The surface area of a plant’s roots can be as much as
50 times greater than the surface area of its leaves.
• There are two main types of root systems-taproots and
fibrous roots.
• Taproots accumulate and store food.
• Fibrous roots systems have many, small branching
roots that grow from a central point.
STEMS
• Stems usually are the aboveground parts of plants that support
leaves and flowers. They have vascular tissues that transport
water, dissolved minerals, and sugars to and from roots and
leaves.
• Green, herbaceous stems are soft and flexible and usually carry
out some photosynthesis.
• Trees, shrubs, and some other perennials have woody stems.
Woody stems are hard and rigid and have cork and vascular
cambriums.
• A tuber is a swollen, underground stem that has buds from
which new plants can grow.
• Rhizomes also are underground stems that store food.
LEAVES
• The primary function of the leaves is
photosynthesis. Most leaves have a relatively
large surface area that receives sunlight.
• Sunlight passes through the transparent cuticle
into the photosynthetic tissues just beneath the
leaf surface.
• The flat, broad, green part of the leaf is called the
leaf blade.
• This stalk, which is part of the leaf, is called the
petiole. The petiole contains vascular tissues that
extend from the stem into the leaf and form veins.
LEAF ARRANGEMENT
• Leaves can grow from opposite sides of the stem in
an alternating arrangement.
• If two leaves grow opposite each other on a stem,
the arrangement is called opposite.
• Three or more leaves growing around a stem at the
same position is called a whorled arrangement.
LEAF STRUCTURE
• Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll.
• Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll, which is
composed of loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells.
• These cells usually are surrounded by many air spaces that allow
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to freely flow around
the cells.
• Gases can also move in and out of a leaf through the stomata,
which are located in the upper and/or lower epidermis.
• Guard cells are cells that surround and control the size of a stoma.
• The loss of water through the stomata is called transpiration.
Venation Patterns
• One way to distinguish
among different groups of
plants is to examine the
pattern of veins in their
leaves. The veins of
vascular tissue run
through the mesophyll of
the leaf.
• Leaf venation patterns
may be parallel, netlike,
or dichotomous.
How Plants Grow
Germination occurs when a seed sprouts (usually caused by
changes of temperature and moisture)
Monocots have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon),
Dicots have 2 seed leaves
Perennials - live several years, and reproduce many times,
woody plants are perennials
Annuals - a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing
season (grows, flowers, reproduces and then dies)
Biennials - takes two
growing seasons to
complete, it reproduces in
the second growing
season
Parts of a Flower
• 4 basic parts
– Sepals - outermost part that surrounds &
protects
– Petal - brightly colored
– Stamen - anther & filament (male parts)
– Carpels - pistil, ovary, style & stigma (female
parts)
Receptacle or Peduncle
Flowers
• A flower that has all four organs—sepals, petals,
stamens, and pistils—is called a complete flower.
• A flower that does not have one or more of the
essential parts is called an incomplete flower.