Transcript Plant Propagation - Havelock Agricultural Education

Plant Propagation
By: Johnny M. Jessup
Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor
Introduction
• What is plant propagation?
• The reproduction or increasing in number
of plants.
• Can be done in one of two ways….
• Sexual.
• Asexual.
Sexual or Seed Propagation
Sexual Propagation
• The propagation or reproducing of
plants from seeds.
Sexual Propagation
• Pollen is transferred
from the anther to
the stigma.
• Fertilization occurs
and seeds are
produced.
Parts of the Seed
Parts of the Seed
• Seeds are made up of 3 main parts….
• Seed Coat – hard outer covering
• Endosperm – source of stored food
• Embryonic Plant
Planting Seeds
• Planting depth depends on the size of the
seeds.
• The larger the seed, the deeper it is planted.
• Example: Petunia seeds are planted shallower
than beans, tomatoes, or marigolds because they
are the smallest.
• Small seeds should be watered by
bottom soaking.
Planting Seeds
• Seeds are directly seeded when they are planted in
the soil where they will grow to a saleable size.
• Germination flats are used if they are to be
transplanted at a later time.
• When reusing germination flats, be sure to sterilize
the flats and soil.
Germination
• Germination rate is the % that sprout.
• Example: 75 out of 100 = 75%
• Rates affected by….
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Seed viability (the seed’s capability of growing or developing)
Temperature.
Moisture.
Type of plant.
Quality of seed.
Germination
Seedlings
• Seedlings are the small plants.
• The first sets of leaves are called cotyledons.
• Monocots produce one seed leaf.
• Dicots produce two seed leaves.
Transplanting Seedlings
• Seedlings are the small plants.
• Transplant when first true leaves appear
• Hold by the true leaves rather than the stems to
prevent stem bruising which will kill the plant
Hardening Off
• The reducing of humidity and water to make
the environment more like the outside.
Advantages of Sexual Propagation
• Fast way to get many plants.
• Easy to do.
• Economical.
Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation
• Some plants, especially hybrids, do not
reproduce true to parents.
• Some plants are difficult to propagate from
seeds.
Examples of Plants Started
from Seed:
• Marigold, impatiens, begonia, coleus,
salvia, shasta daisy, and pansy
Asexual Propagation
Asexual Propagation
• The use of growing parts other than seeds to
reproduce plants.
• The types are….
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Cuttings
Layering
Division/Separation
Budding
Grafting
Tissue Culture
Rooting from Cuttings
• Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep.
• Best time of day to take cuttings is early
morning because plants have more moisture.
Rooting from Cuttings
• The three main
types of cuttings
are….
• Stem
• Leaf
• Root
Stem Cuttings
• Start with sterile flats, soil, and tools.
Stem Cuttings
• Must include a node. A node is a point
along a plant stem where leaves or
other stems are attached.
• Internode is the area between two
nodes.
Stem Cuttings
• Cutting is taking a 4-6 inch piece of the
plant and forcing roots to grow.
Stem Cuttings
• Use a rooting hormone
with fungicide to….
• Speed up root
development.
• Prevent root rot.
Stem Cuttings
• Herbaceous plants are soft-tissue
plants.
Stem Cuttings
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHj
8E-7E7-8
Stem Cuttings
• Woody plants are plants that produce
woody tissue.
Examples of plants that can
be started by stem cuttings:
• Herbaceous cuttings – geranium,
impatiens, begonia, and coleus
Examples of plants that can
be started by stem cuttings:
• Woody cuttings – holly, abelia, and
rosemary.
Leaf Cuttings
• The use of leaves and sections of leaves
to reproduce plants.
Leaf Cuttings
• Usually done from herbaceous plants.
• Midrib vein must be cut in order to
make roots form.
Leaf Cuttings
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aT
kfU0BobkE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng
VHqjm0Cyk
Leaf Cuttings
• Examples of plants that can be started
by leaf cuttings.
• African violet and philodendron
• snake plant and jade plant.
Root Cuttings
• The use of roots to reproduce plants.
• Should be spaced 3 inches apart in the
rooting area.
Root Cuttings
• A sand, vermiculite or perlite mixture is
a good medium for root cuttings.
Root Cuttings
• Examples of plants that can be started
by root cuttings: hosta and daylily.
Root Cuttings
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8g
wCLs8LoTs
• Start at 2:30
Layering
• The rooting of plant parts while they
are still attached to the “parent” plant.
• The types are….
• Air Layering.
• Trench Layering.
• Mound Layering.
Air Layering
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvi
LRmiqrs8
Air Layering
• Also called Chinese
propagation.
• Area of plant is girdled
and surrounded by a
moist growing
medium that is sealed
in polyethylene film.
Air Layering Steps:
• Making an incision at the node of a
branch.
• Dust with rooting hormone, place
sphagnum moss in plastic and wrap
around the incision forcing roots to
grow on the stem of the plant.
• Once roots form, remove below the
new roots for a new plant.
Air Layering
Air Layering
• Examples of plants to air layer: Decora
rubber plant and weeping fig.
Trench layering
• New plants form at each point along the
stem while still attached to the plant.
• Is cutting a trench and laying a branch
in the trench.
• Types of trench layering are simple, tip
and serpentine.
Trench Layering
• Examples of plants for trench layering:
grapes and clematis.
Mound Layering
• Rooted plant is cut
off at the soil level.
• As the season
progresses, soil is
added to cover the
growing shoots.
• After 1 year, the
shoots are rooted
and removed from
the parent plant.
Mound Layering
• An example would be an azalea
Division & Separation
• Cutting or pulling apart of….
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Bulbs
Corms
Rhizomes
Tubers
Runners
Stolons
Suckers
Division
• Division is used on plants that grow in
clumps.
• Examples of plants that can be divided
are hostas, daylilies and irises.
• Also used on some grasses.
Division
Bulbs
• Bulbs are short stems
with fleshy leaves or leaf
bases that function
as food storage
organs during dormancy
• Daffodil and hyaninth.
Corm
• Corm is an enlarged, bulb-like, fleshy
structure found at the base of a stem.
Usually flattened and round.
• Examples: gladiolus and crocus.
Rhizome
• Rhizome is a creeping underground
stem, usually horizontal, that produces
roots and leaves at the nodes.
• Examples: cannas and bearded Iris.
Stolon
• A creeping above ground stem that
grows horizontally and produces roots
and shoots at the nodes.
• Example: strawberry.
Tuber
• Tuber is a swollen, modified stem that
grows underground.
• Example: potato.
Sucker
• Sucker is a shoot or stem that
originates from the roots.
Division
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qF
787nUBQek
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U
51H5JIEz8
Grafting
• Joining separate plant parts together so that
they form a union and grow together to make
one plant.
• Scion
• Piece of plant at the top
of the graft.
• Rootstock
• The piece of the plant at the
root or bottom of the graft.
Grafting
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTt
XmBVsolY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC
VwHs4Nero
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4lWEAVcuI
Grafting Methods
• Scion & rootstock are the same size:
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Wedge
Splice
Whip & tongue
Approach
Grafting Methods
wedge graft
whip & tongue graft
splice graft
approach graft
Grafting Methods
• Scion is smaller than the rootstock:
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Cleft.
Side.
Notch.
Bark inlay.
Grafting Methods
cleft graft
notch graft
side graft
bark inlay graft
Grafting
• Tools needed are a knife, tape, and
wax.
• Plants must be related to each other
and normally in the same genus or
family.
Grafting
• Examples of plants that can be grafted:
Maples and fruit trees, sweetgum
(fruitless sweetgum), and pecan.
Budding
• A form of grafting when a bud is used
(instead of a scion).
• Faster or quicker than grafting.
• The 3 main methods are….
• Patch budding.
• T-budding.
• Chip budding.
Budding
• Successful budding requires that the
scion (top) material have fully-formed,
mature, dormant buds and that the
rootstock be in a condition of active
growth such that the "bark is slipping".
This means that the vascular cambium
is actively growing, and the bark can be
peeled easily from the stock piece with
little damage.
Patch Budding
Patch Budding
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ
xv4MQDhug
T-Budding
Chip Budding
Budding
• An example of plant used would be
rose.
Advantages to Asexual Propagation
• In asexual reproduction or propagation
plants mature in shorter time.
• Budding is faster or quicker than
grafting.
• In trench layering, plant forms at each
node on covered stems.
• Some plants do not produce viable
seeds.
Disadvantages to Asexual Propagation
• Some methods require special
equipment & skills….
• Such as grafting.
• Cuttings detach plant parts from water
and nutrient source.
• Some plants are patented….
• Making propagation illegal.
Biotechnology in Horticulture
What is Biotechnology?
• The use of cells or components (parts) of
cells to produce or processes.
Methods of Biotechnology
• Tissue Culture
• Also called
micropropagation.
• Uses the terminal
shoots or leaf buds
in a sterile or aseptic
environment on agar
gel or other nutrientgrowing media to
produce thousands
of identical plants.
Tissue Culture
• Must have a sterile
environment.
• Good way to get the
most plants in a
short time.
Tissue Culture
• It will give you a
plant identical to the
parent plant.
• An example would
be impatiens and
many flower and
vegetable plants.
Methods of Biotechnology
• Cloning
• Genetically generating offspring from
non-sexual tissue.
Methods of Biotechnology
• Genetic Engineering
• Movement of genetic
information in the
form of genes from
one cell to another
cell to modify or
change the genetic
make-up.
Benefits of Biotechnology
• Produce many identical
plants in a short time.
• Increase disease and
insect resistance.
• Increase tolerance to
heat or cold.
• Increase weed
tolerance.
• Increase tolerance to
drought.
• Improve environment.
• Increase production.
• Other genetic changes.
Designed By:
• Johnny M. Jessup; FFA Advisor
• Hobbton High School