Why so misunderstood and the mammoth policy gap
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Transcript Why so misunderstood and the mammoth policy gap
Global Governance of Phosphorus:
Why So Misunderstood and the
Mammoth Policy Gap?
Arno Rosemarin PhD
Nelson Ekane PhD (cand)
Stockholm Environment Institute
Sustainable Phosphorus Summit
Montpellier
Sept 2, 2014
Phosphorus: extremes that can
confuse
pollutant causing algal blooms
that can kill fish
a component of explosives and
pesticides
a food additive causing
problems for kidney patients
an essential element for all life
to exist – bones and teeth and
all living cells, tissue and
organs
a key fertilizer to grow food
and animal feed
Little progress on P governance
Common perception: Food & fertilizer have
no limits
EU’s mammoth agro-subsidy (1 billion
Euros/wk) creates false security – now
fragile
No government will lead the dialogue –
increases in food prices a political nightmare
Industry has taken a very low profile
UN is not pro-active
No geopolitical crisis yet like 1972 oil
Duncan Brown’s empty gas tank analogy still
prevails
Overview of the talk
What are the components of the P
value chain requiring governance?
How do we govern other minerals?
Where are we today on phosphorus
governance?
Plotting a track ahead
P value chain – multiple
components to govern
Rock phosphorus (apatite)
Sulfuric acid - 5 parts
H2SO4 give 3 parts H3PO4
in the wet extraction
process
Phosphorus products
(MAP, DAP, SP, etc)
Agro and food system soil, food and animal feed
Manure, excreta, solid
waste
Sulphuric acid production
Few countries have both P and S, requiring equity agreements
Soil P retention potential
ISRIC, 2011
Soils vary and governance needs to be adapted
Phosphorus sustainability to be
governed
Reduce
Improved efficiency in mining and extraction
Improved fertilizer use and technology
Less consumption of meat and dairy products
Recycle
Improved recycling of food production wastes,
sludge, manure, struvite, polonite, etc.
Economic instruments and flexible fees
Large users pay more tax fees than smaller
users
How do we manage other
minerals?
Towards more sustainable governance
of extracted materials
EU Raw Materials Initiative
UNEP International Resource
Panel (3Rs)
Intergovernmental Forum on
Mining, Minerals, Metals, and
Sustainable Development
(IGF)
EU-US-Japan - developing
substitutes, recycling & raw
material and product
efficiency
IEA global energy cooperation
Existing models to increase data
transparency and collaboration
Joint Organizations Data
Initiative (JODI) of the IEF,
contribution to transparency
on the oil & gas markets
Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative
(EITI)
OECD Due Diligence
Guidance for Responsible
Supply Chains of Minerals
from Conflict-Affected and
High-Risk Areas
World Gold Council
UN independent study groups
create market transparency by providing
data on production, consumption, trade,
and prices & national policies eg
environmental legislation
Lead and Zinc (ILZSG)
Copper (ICSG)
Nickel (INSG)
Barriers to change
speculation & raw
material cartels
national stockpiling
state companies
trade tariffs & quotas
lack of transparency
revenue streams
due diligence in
supply chains
Where are we today
on phosphorus governance?
Data governance of P rock
extraction still lacking
P Rock Reserves/Resources (USGS)
No UN agency involved
Open to influence (IFDC 2010 report)
Fertilizer production and consumption
(FAOstat)
Commercial sources of data (IFA, CRU,
etc.)
Prior to 2010
USGS P-rock data showed peak
P possible in 30-40 years
IFDC 2010 report squelched
peak phosphorus debate and
Morocco “gets” global monopoly
status
USGS changed its way of
estimating commercial P
reserves; resources can be
commercial reserves
UNEP showed interest in the
peak phosphorus debate but
backed off
What happened since 2010
IFDC report heavily criticized
by Dutch researchers in 2013
EU Sustainable Phosphorus
Platform launched
Interest in recycling P has
intensified
P on the EU Critical Raw
Materials List
Moroccan OCP expanding
rapidly now in order to meet
future global demand
Geopolitics causing price hikes in
phosphorus
Oil price increases due to
conflicts (1973/2008)
China export embargo
P cartels
Northern Africa
Morocco-Algeria
conflicts
Arab Awakening
Preferential free trade
agreements with Morocco –
eg US, India, EU
P-Rock since 1960, World Bank
Terrorism in N Africa and the Sahel
The track ahead
White paper on phosphorus
Building on the GPRI Blueprint for Global Phosphorus
Security
Global conference and Global convention
Transparency on data regarding P-rock extraction and
trade
Independent monitoring agency
National reporting systems on use and reuse
Best practices optimizing reuse
Economic instruments promoting reuse & taxing waste
Linkage to global food security strategies
Communications programme
Stockholm Environment Institute
www.sei-international.org