Transcript Plant Kingdom

Warm Up
• 1. What are all the kingdoms of life?
• 2. What are the 6 characteristics of life?
• 3. What are the 7 levels of classification?
• 4. What are the steps of the scientific
method?
• 5. What is an independent variable?
• 6. What is a constant?
Plant Kingdom
EQ: How do parts of plants
function for the survival of the
whole organism?
Rules for Outlining
• 1. Subdivide topics by a system of numbers and letters, followed by
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a period.
Example:
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2. Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts.
3. Headings for parts of the paper of speech such as, Introduction
and Conclusion, should not be used.
4. Be consistent. Do not mix up the two types of outlines. Use either
whole sentences of brief phrases, but not both.
Plants With Seeds
I. General Information
A. Life Span
1. Annuals- reproduce one year/ die
2. Biennials- reproduce second year/ die
3. Perennials – reproduce each year/ live
many years
The Sweet William
Dwarf plant is a
biennial plant
Plants With Seeds
• B. Tropism- a plant growing toward or
away from a stimulus.
1. Positive tropism – plant grows toward the
stimulus.
2. Negative tropism – plant grows away from
stimulus.
a. A stimulus is anything in the environment that
causes a response in an organism.
• b. The response often involves movement either
toward the stimulus or away from the stimulus.
c. Plants respond to stimuli such as touch, light,
and gravity.
Plants With Seeds
• 3. Examples:
Phototropism = response to light
– a positive tropism
(1). enables leaves to be in a
position to receive as much sunlight
as possible for photosynthesis
a.
Picture from
http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page11/page
12/page13/page13.html
b. Geotropism = response to
gravity where roots show a
positive tropism and stems show
a negative tropism.
(1) provide firm anchorage for
roots.
(2) ensure the plant can get
adequate supply of water &
mineral salts
Picture from http://cbse.myindialist.com/biology-x-control-andcoordination-coordination-in-plants-movement-due-to-growth/
Positive Tropism
Phototropism
withfriendship.com
Negative tropism
• Charles Darwin was one of the first to
scientifically document that roots show
positive geotropism and stems show
negative geotropism. That is, roots grow
in the direction of gravitational pull (i.e.,
downward) and stems grow in the
opposite direction (i.e., upwards).
Example of
Geotropism in
the remaints of
a cellar of a
roman villa in
the Archeologic
Park in Baia,
Italy
Negative tropism
• Gravity is used to signal root growth
downwards and shoots/stems upwards.
(Shoots also use light (phototropism) to
direct growth away from gravity.)
Warm Up
• 1. Define tropism.
• 2. What is a stimulus?
• 3. What are two examples of tropisms
and describe them.
• 4. What are the life spans of plants?
Warm Up
• 1. What is photosynthesis?
• 2. What is phototropism?
• 3. What is geotropism?
• 4. What happens during photosynthesis?
Part 2
II. Photosynthesis
A. What is photosynthesis?
1. Photosynthesis
a. Definition: The process of changing light
energy to chemical energy
b. Energy stored as sugar (glucose)
c. Occurs in plants and some algae
d. Plants need light energy, CO2, and H2O
e. Takes place in the chloroplasts, using
chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants
B. What happens during
photosynthesis?
1. Plants capture light energy and use
that energy to make glucose
2. Sunlight provides the energy needed
by chlorophyll to change molecules of
carbon dioxide and water into glucose
3. Oxygen is also released in this
reaction
4. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf
through holes called stomata
5. CO2 combines with the stored
energy in the chloroplasts through a
chemical reaction to make glucose
Light energy
a. 6CO2 + 6H2O
6O2
Carbon dioxide + water
oxygen
C6H12O6 &
Light energy
sugar &
b. Six molecules of carbon dioxide plus 6
molecules of water produce one
molecule of sugar and 6 molecules of
oxygen
C. Reasons photosynthesis is important to
humans:
1. Starts food chain with sugar C6H12O6 (sugar aka
glucose)
2. Provides O2 to breathe
D. What is Cellular
Respiration?
1. The release of chemical energy for
cells to use.
2. Once light energy is changed into
chemical energy by photosynthesis, an
organism has to transform the chemical
energy into a form that can be used by
the organism.
E. Describe Cellular
Respiration
1. The breakdown of glucose
molecules to release energy
2. Takes place in all living things
3. Is a step by step process
F. EQUATION FOR
RESPIRATION
CARBON
DIOXIDE
GLUCOSE
C6H12O6 + 6O2
OXYGEN
ATP
6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
WATER
Warm Up
• 1. TAKE OUT PROGRESS REPORTS
• 2. What’s so important about
photosynthesis?
• 3. What is the photosynthesis equation?
• 4. What is geotropism?
• 5. What is phototropism?
III. Leaves and Flowers
A. Classification
1. Veining
a. Parallel
b. Palmate
c. Pinnate
Alternate pinnate
2. Edging/Shape
a. Smooth
b. Toothed
c. Lobed
Opposite pinnate
3. Needles
a. Single
b. Attached
Phyllotaxy - Arrangement of leaves on a stem
4. Leaf Parts
a. Blade
(1). Main body of leaf
b. Petiole
(1). Attaches blade to
stem
c. Midrib
(1). Large central vein
Image found at: www.yourdictionary.com
Leaf Parts
d. Apex
1) Tip of leaf
e. Epidermis
1) “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange
f. Stomata
1) Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis
where gas and water exchange (pores)
g. Chlorophyll
1) The chlorophyll molecule is the active part that
absorbs the sunlight to perform photosynthesis
2) As the chlorophyll in leaves decays in the autumn,
the green color fades and is replaced by the
oranges and reds of carotenoids
j) Plant cuticles
(1). The cuticle is a non-cellular protective layer
covering the outer cell layer (epidermis) of
the green, aerial parts of land plants
k) Guard cells
(1). are specialized cells located in the leaf
epidermis of plants.
(2)Pairs of guard cells surround tiny stomata
airway pores.
(3)These tiny holes in the surface of leaves are
necessary for gas exchange into and out of
the plant (transpiration)
• L) Transpiration
• (1). Transpiration is the process by which
moisture is carried through plants from roots
to small pores on the underside of leaves,
where it changes to vapor and is released to
the atmosphere.
Warm up
• 1. Write the photosynthesis equation in
words and chemical symbols.
• 2. Write the cellular respiration equation in
words and chemical symbols.
• 3. What is the cuticle?
• 4. What are the guard cells?
• 5. What is chlorophyll?
Anatomy of A Flower
Pistil
B. Flowers – Purpose & reproduction
1. Flower parts and functions
a. Pistil= female reproductive organ
(1) Stigma – Catches pollen
(2) Style – Allows place for tube
to carry sperm from pollen to
egg in ovary
(3) Ovary- contains eggs which
become seeds once they are
fertilized by the pollen.
b. Stamen = male reproductive organ
(1) Filament – Holds the anther up so
wind and bees take the pollen
(2) Anther – Produces pollen
c. Other Flower Parts
(1) Petals – colorful to attract insects
(2) Sepals – formerly protected the bud
before it opened
(3) receptacle – Base or “holder” for
flower
2. Sequence of steps for plants (with seeds)
reproduction:
a. Anther produces pollen
b. Pollen is carried by wind or insects to
stigma of a different flower (some can
self-fertilize)
c. A tube grows from the pollen through the
style to the ovary
d. Sperm cells that were in the pollen travels
through the tube to the egg cells in the
ovary
e. Fertilization produces seeds (sperm + egg
= seed)
f. Fruit forms around seed (Ovule may
become fruit.)
WARM UP
• 1. What would happen if cellular
respiration didn’t happen?
• 2. What would happen if photosynthesis
didn’t happen?
• 3. How many years does a perennial plant
live?
• 4. Label the flower.
C. Root Types
1. Tap root has long main root with tiny
root hairs.
2. Fibrous roots spread out as a tangle
Grass Roots VS Carrot
D. Stems
1. Have vascular tissue inside to transport
(move) water and nutrients
a. Xylem = “elevator” going up
b. Phloem = can also carry down
2. Functions of the Stem
a. Transport water
and nutrients from
roots to leaves
b. Supports leaves,
fruit, and flowers
c. Food storage
Image found at: www.karencarr.com
3. Annual rings in woody
stems show the age
WARM UP
• Write the photosynthesis equation.
• Write the cellular respiration equation.
• What is geotropism?
• What is phototropism?
• What is the stamen of the flower?
E. Seeds
1. Seed coat- protects
2. Embryo – the new life
3. Cotyledon – stored food for the new life
(embryo) when it starts to sprout and
grow
• On a separate sheet of paper, list as many
seeds that humans eat as you can.
– Tomatoes, ALL cereals, ALL nuts, rice, cocoa,
chocolate, coffee, peas, beans, vanilla,
coconut, mustard, popcorn, margarine
(cottonseed), bread and cake (flour made
from rye, wheat and oats)