Transcript Plant Notes

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Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)
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Students will analyze the nature of the relationships
between structures and functions in living cells.
a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining
homeostasis and cell reproduction.
d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis,
diffusion).
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Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to
successive generations.
e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual
reproduction in different situations.
Students will derive the relationship between single-celled
and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity
of systems.
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a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of
photosynthesis and respiration.
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b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms
(archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)
• Students will assess the dependence of all
organisms on one another and the flow of energy
and matter within their ecosystems.
– e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability
to survive stressful environmental conditions.
• Students will evaluate the role of natural selection
in the development of the theory of evolution.
d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
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b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms
(archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
Kingdom Plantae Characteristics
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are multicellular.
are eukaryotes.
are autotrophic.
photosynthesize.
have cellulose cell walls.
can reproduce sexually & asexually have
tissues that have been organized into organs
and organ systems.
Plants
Organisms are grouped into kingdoms based on
genetic and anatomic similarities.
d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
Brief History of Plants
Green algae are believed to be the ancestors
of modern plants
The invasion of land by plants probably
occurred about 450 million years ago
First land plants were small mosses and
ferns that had to live near water.
Plants slowly began to adapt to life on land,
and spread to all biomes and climates. ----Adapting to different environment.
We are going to look at adaptation that plant have to
help them survive in different environments.
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What plants
need to
live
For Photosynthesis
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What plants need & how they obtain it.
Overview
• Plants are called autotrophs, meaning “selffeeding.”
• They make Glucose (a carbohydrate) from
sunlight energy.
• Need:
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Energy
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Other minerals
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Intake of Energy.
Energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes
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6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
• Plants are Autotrophs
• This trapped energy is used to
convert the inorganic raw
materials CO2 and H2O to
carbohydrates and O2.
– The key to this process is the
pigment chlorophyll.
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a.
Chloroplasts
b.
Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic & eukaryotic
cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell
reproduction.
b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms
(archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
11.1
–Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of
photosynthesis and respiration.
How is energy cycled through the processes of
photosynthesis and respiration?
• Autotrophs store energy in glucose.
• Heterotrophs eat autotrophs, and use the
glucose for energy to carry out all of life's
processes.
Sunlight
energy
Autotrophs
(photosynthesis)
Heterotroph
s (Respiration)
Flow of energy in the environment.
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6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Intake of Carbon
Dioxide
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Leaves
•CO2 enters through the pores
in the leaves called stomata.
•Adaptation:
•Some leaves have a waxy
coating to prevent water
loss.
•Bark on stems helps to
insulate the tissues.
Stomata
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6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
d. Explain the impact of
water on life processes
(i.e., osmosis, diffusion).
Uptake and
Movement of
water
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Water diffuses into the roots.
-Osmosis High to low
H2O
H2O
H2O
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16 Transpiration
Evaporation of water
from the leaves
• Adaptations:
– Close stomata during the hottest
part of the day to prevent water
loss.
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Water Storage
• Cacti have modified stems
and leaves for storing
water.
• Helps them to survive dry
conditions.
e. Relate plant
adaptations, including
tropisms, to the ability to
survive stressful
environmental conditions.
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Food Storage
e. Relate plant adaptations to the ability to
survive stressful environmental conditions
Roots & stems are
modified in many plants
into storage organs in
order to survive
through winter
underground.
Tulips, daffodils, potatoes, carrots, onions, garlic.
–e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in
different situations.
–e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful
environmental conditions.
Reproduction
Sexual vs. Asexual
-Sexual allows for the mixing of genesincreasing genetic variation
-Asexual allows for reproduction when there is no
other option- NO increase in genetic variation
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Sexual Reproduction
allows for the mixing of genes- increasing genetic
variation
Sperm fuses with an egg
• Some plants have flowers.
– Animal pollination
• Some plants have cones.
– Wind pollinated
• Some have neither. (Ferns &
mosses).
– Must live near water. Sperm
must swim to egg.
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Not all plants have flowers
•Seeds produced in cones
Sexual
reproduction
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Flowers are unique reproductive organs that
produce seeds surrounded by a fruit.
Female
Male
Flowers
attract
pollinators.
Helps insure
pollination
Pollination
-transfer
of pollen
Pollen = Sperm
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Seeds are produced after pollination & fertilization.
-A seed is the “baby” plant.
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Adaptations/
Advantages
Seeds can
tolerate
unfavorable
conditions by
becoming
dormant.
When
conditions
become
favorable,
the seed
sprouts into
a new plant.
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Not all plants have seeds.
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• Many flowers that
depend on insects
for pollination are
brightly colored and
fragrant, to draw
attention to them
• Flowers can be pollinated in a number of ways, by
the wind, insects, birds, & animals, even bats.
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Tropisms
–e. Relate plant adaptations,
including tropisms, to the ability
to survive stressful
environmental conditions.
Tropism— a plant’s response to their
environment
1- Gravitropism (Geotropism)—a plant’s
response to gravity
2- Phototropism— a plant’s response to light
3- Thigmotropism— a plant’s response to
touch
Characteristic of living things:
-Plants can respond to their
environment
Cool Fact:
Oldest living trees: Bristle Cone pines
Geotropism/Gravitropism
•the response of
seedlings to the force
of gravity.
•important when seeds
are sprouting.
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•causes the roots to grow downward
and the stems to grow upward, no
matter what the position of the seed may
be when it is planted.
Geotropism/Gravitropism
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Phototropism
tropism Clips
•The ability of the plant to respond to light.
•If a plant is placed near a window or
another light source, the plant will grow in
the direction of the light source.
•A phototropic response can happen so
quickly that even a seedling will respond
within a few hours.
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Phototropism
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Thigmotropism
The response of a
plant to touch.
Climbing plants,
ivy, and vines use
thigmotropism in
order to find their
way up or around a
solid object for
support.
tropism Clips
34 Can plants defend themselves?
• Mechanical defense -incorporated into the
physical structure of the organism.
– thorns, spines and stiff hairs that repel a predator.
• Chemical defense - occurs when the plant
produces stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning,
or just a bad taste.
– Chemical compounds that taste bad, while others contain
sap that is an irritant or poison
• Camouflage
– the organism blends into its environment or appear to be
something they are not
Land
Adaptations
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Plant
Adaptations
Review
Plant Adaptations- A Review
 Seeds go dormant
 Modified roots and stems are places for
storage
 Ex: Cacti, potatoes, carrots
 Dropping of leaves in winter.
 Waxy coating on leaves (Cuticle- made of
Cutin-Lipid)
 Bark on trees- helping to insulate the
tissues inside
 The branches of the conifers are flexible,
allowing for them to bend instead of break
under the weight of ice and snow.
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Plant Adaptations- A Review
 Pollinated in a number of ways: wind, insects,
birds, animals.
 Maple trees produce seeds that are shaped like a
wing. They have the nickname of “helicopters.”
 carried over long distances by the wind.
 Some plants produce seeds that have hooks or barbs on
them that attach to the fur of passing animals. These have
the nickname of “hitchhikers.”
 Many flowers that depend on insects for
pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to
draw attention to them.
 Pollen will rub off on the insect and they will carry it
to another flower. The coconuts from palm trees
float. They will travel from one beach to the next or
even from one island to another.
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EOCT
Questions
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One main difference
between members of the
Kingdoms Plantae and
Animalia is the ability to
A obtain energy
B reproduce
C move
D exchange gases
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What characteristics of some pine
trees allows the species to survive
disasters?
A modified leaves form needle
bundles
B seeds that germinate after fires
C pollen that is easily carried by wind
D bark that is lightly colored
Plants that live in the rainforest have
many adaptations to their environment.
Some plants such as vines have
adaptations which allow them to attach
themselves to the trunks of trees. These
adaptations allow vines to successfully
compete for which of the following limiting
resources in the rainforest?
A sunlight
B water
C carbon dioxide
D oxygen
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