Transcript PRESENTATION NAME - TWHS 9th Grade Campus

PLANT NOTES
Level Biology
General Characteristics
Multicellular
 Eukaryotic
 Photoautotrophic
 Cell walls made of cellulose
 Vascular plants contain xylem (takes water
up plant) and phloem (takes food down the
plant)

4 basic groups of plants:

1. Bryophytes


2. Seedless vascular plants


Mosses and Liverworts
Ferns and Horsetails
3. Gymnosperms (seed plant)
 Cone

bearing plants (Conifers)
4. Angiosperms (seed plants)
 Flowering
plants
Plant Organs
Root
Stem
Leaf
Flower

Bryophytes

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“Non- vascular” plants
Live in moist areas like
swamps, marshes, and
streams to help in
reproduction.
They lack true roots but have
rhizoids instead.
Examples- moss, liverworts,
and hornworts
Sporophyte- produces
spores
Gametophyte- produces
gametes
Ferns- the first vascular plants

Most important adaptation:
 Xylem- allows movement
of water up from the
roots to all parts of the
plant
 Phloem- transports
nutrients and the
products of
photosynthesis throughout
the plant.
Fern Structure
Have underground
stems called rhizomes
 Rhizome adaptation:
Act as a food store
when the fern is unable
to photosynthesize
during dry conditions.

Fern Structure
Have large leaves
called fronds
 Contain haploid spores
under the fronds which
are produced in tiny
clusters called sori

Day 2
Leaves and Photosynthesis
Leaf Function
To photosynthesize or
make food (glucose)
for the plant

Internal Leaf Structure


Cuticle (composed of cutin)- waxy
covering that prevents water loss;
adaptation to land for plants
Upper & lower epidermis- first cell layer;
produces cuticle for protection

Palisade layer- long, slender cells with many chloroplasts where
most photosynthesis takes place


Vein- contains xylem & phloem
Spongy layer- in the center of the leaf; irregularly shaped cells
that are
packed with lots
space between
resemble a
photosynthesis takes
here
loosely
of air
them to
sponge; some
place
Vein

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
Air spaces- embedded in spongy layer; allows
for quick exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2)
Guard cells- hot dog shaped cells that
surround and monitor stomata openings
Stomata- openings in leaves & some
stems that
allow oxygen
to escape
and CO2 to
enter leaf

Palisade layer- long, slender cells with many chloroplasts where
most photosynthesis takes place


Vein- contains xylem & phloem
Spongy layer- in the center of the leaf; irregularly shaped cells
that are
packed with lots
space between
resemble a
photosynthesis takes
here
loosely
of air
them to
sponge; some
place
Vein
The interaction between roots, stems, and leaves:

The interaction between roots, stems, and leaves: The phloem
travels throughout the entire plant transporting organic solutes
(food). Depending on the plant’s needs, phloem can change its
flow direction. Xylem involves the movement of water and
minerals starting at the roots, running through the stems, and ends
at small pores (stoma) in the leaves. Stomata can open and close,
not only at a certain time of day, but also upon the osmotic
condition of the plant.
Click picture
Day 2 continued
Photosynthesis

How about a song to get this light show started!
Photosynthesis Formula
In the presence of light,
plants transform carbon
dioxide and water into
carbohydrates (glucose) and
release oxygen.

light
6CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
Reactants= carbon dioxide & water
Products= sugar (glucose) & oxygen

Structures involved in photosynthesis
Organ- leaf (occasionally in stems)
Layer- palisade layer
Cell organelle- chloroplast
Molecule- chlorophyll

What special about Chlorophyll?
Green pigment
 Absorbs light energy from the sun & stores it
in chemical bonds in glucose
 Only pigment that can transform light energy
into chemical energy
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Photosynthesis Song!!!
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Great song!!!

What about a video
Day 3
Roots and Stems
Root Functions
Absorbs water and nutrients from
the soil
 Anchors the plant into the ground
 Stores extra food for later use if
needed
 Label your root crossection now.

Root Functions
The cortex stores photosynethesis
products
 The xylem allows the flow of water.
 The phloem allows the movemet of
nutrients.

Types of Roots

Tap- large primary root
with tiny hair-like roots for
more absorption
 Examples: carrot
 Fibrous- roots are all
similar in size
 Examples: grass
Tap Root Adaptations

Adaptation of taproot in Savanna:
Umbrella thorn Acacias grow in the
African savannas. One of the
Umbrella Thorn's adaptions to hot
and dry conditions is a deep
taproot which can reach 115 feet
under the ground. If it did not have
taproots, then it would not get the
water during the dry spells.
Fiberous Root Adaptations

Adaptation of fibrous roots in
the desert: Many cacti have
very long, fibrous roots which
absorb moisture from the soil.
Some, like ball cacti, have
shorter, more compact roots
that absorb dew water that
falls off the cactus.
Nitrogen Cycle

Our atmosphere is made up of mostly.....?
 Nitrogen
 Since
we don’t use free Nitrogen, something has to
alter it so we can. Name the cycle.
 How do roots play a role in the nitrogen cycle?
 Nitrogen is an essential nutrient needed to make
amino acids and other important organic compounds,
but most organisms cannot use free nitrogen.
Nitrogen Cycle

Gaseous nitrogen is broken apart in the process of nitrogen fixation.
The bacteria in the soil convert the ammonia to nitrites and nitrates.
The nitrates are easily absorbed by plant roots. In this way, nitrogen
is passed into the food chain and ultimately returned to the soil,
water, and atmosphere.
Roots and Symbiosis

Roots often form symbiotic
associations with soil fungi. In
this association, the plant
benefits from phosphorus that
is taken up and supplied by
the fungus, and the fungus
benefits from carbohydrates
produced by the plant. This is
an example of mutualism.
Stem Functions
Transport water and minerals
up and food down through the
plant
 Support the leaves
 Store extra food for the plant

Stem Functions
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Most stems connect the leaves to the roots, like
a highway connects cities.
Note the difference between these two types
of stems. Highlight terms that stems have in
common with roots.
Do they perform the same function?
Of
course they do!
DAY 4: SEED PLANTS
Two categories of seed plants:
1.
Gymnosperms- “naked seed”
- Male cones produce pollen for reproduction
2. Angiosperms- “flowering plants”

Reproduction takes place in the flower

Divided into two sub groups: monocots & dicots
Parts of the Flower
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1. sepal- modified leaves surrounding
the base of the flower for protection of
the developing bud
2. calyx- all of the sepals collectively
3. petal- colorful, often fragrant
modified leaf to attract insects
4. corolla- all of the petals
Male Parts of the Flower
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5. stamen- male reproductive structures
collectively; look like upside down golf
clubs; consists of two parts: anther and
filament
6. anther: top part of stamen (head of golf
club); produces pollen (male gamete)
7. filament: long, thin structure (shaft of
golf club) that supports the anther and
holds it up high
Female Parts of the Flower
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8. pistil- female reproductive structures;
consists of stigma, style, ovary, ovules, and ova
9. stigma- sticky tip of pistil; produces nectar
and traps pollen
10. style- long, thin tube that leads to the
ovary
11. ovary- enlarged, pear-shaped structure on
the bottom of the pistil; contains the ovules
and ova; becomes the fruit
12. ovule- individual “room” inside the ovary
that produces ova
13. ova- the female gametes (eggs)
Flower Parts
Flower Parts
Fruit Function
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To continue the species of a plant
A ripened ovary that contains seeds is called
a fruit.
Seed Dispersal
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Some people plant some seeds, but most plants
don't rely on people. Plants rely on animals and
wind and water to help scatter their seeds.
We will examine 3 different types
Seed Dispersal
1.
Animals- Transport of burred seeds ni animal’s fur or
feathers; fleshy fruit eaten, digested, and excreted at
another location; burry seeds to come back to eat later.
Bear eats berries
New berries in a
new location
Bear fertlizes seed
Berries germinate
Seed Dispersal
2.
Wind dispersal- smaller seeds that have wings
or other hair-like or feather like structures
(dandelion or sycamore seeds)
Click for video
Seed Dispersal
3.
Water dispersal- Plants living along streams
and rivers have seeds that float downstream,
which germinate at new sites