Transcript Slide 1

Integrating Concepts in Biology
PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 25:
Homeostasis of Ecological Systems
Section 25.1: Is nutrient cycling a mechanism of
homeostasis for ecological systems?
25.2 How does energy flow through food webs?
25.3 Do ecological systems filter wastes like
individual organisms do?
25.4 How does increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
disrupt ecological systems?
by
A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and Chris
Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are connected
through nutrient cycles and energy flows
Figure UN25.1
Biomass of minnows in two experiments on
Tuesday Lake
year 1 wet mass
year 2 wet mass
no fish
0
0
low fish
32.5 (2)
46.7 (3)
medium fish
66.2 (4)
--
high fish
113.9 (7)
97.7 (6)
Table 25.1
Total
phosphorus in
the water
column for
Tuesday Lake,
total particulate
P in year 1,
particulate P in
seston and
particulate P as
zooplankton
Figure 25.1
Movement of phosphorus relative to the
water column for enclosure experiment
Figure 25.2
Simplified schematic of
the phosphorus cycle
Figure 25.3
Discharge, runoff, and concentrations and watershed
losses for total nitrogen and phosphorus from a
tropical forested watershed
Figure 25.4
Annual particulate matter output of organic and
inorganic materials from watersheds after clearcut
Figure 25.5
Mean annual export
of various elements in
organic and inorganic
particulate matter, and
net dissolved
concentration in
undisturbed and
clearcut watersheds
Figure 25.6
Extent of the
Mississippi River
basin and Gulf of
Mexico dead zone
Figure ELSI 25.1
Energy flow in a partial food web of a rocky
intertidal zone
Figure 25.7
Energy flow in a food web of a rocky intertidal
zone off the northern Gulf of California coast
Figure 25.8
Percentages of prey consumed and calories in diet
by predators in a rocky intertidal zone
a. Prey
Heliaster
Muricanthus
Acanthina tuberculata
Hexaplex
Morula
<0.01 / 4
<0.01 / 1
<0.01 / 4
1/2
Cantharus
Acanthina angelica
Columbellidae
bivalves
herbivorous snails
barnacles
chitons
brachiopod
b. Prey
3/6
31 / 35
8 / 30
51 / 9
1/3
5/4
Morula
barnacles
100 / 100
Table 25.2
Muricanthus
A.
tuberculata
Hexaplex
1/6
<0.01 / 2
3/9
1/6
3/4
36 / 21
24 / 48
31 / 3
2/2
57 / 74
14 / 4
28 / 22
6/7
77 / 53
16 / 37
Cantharus
A. angelica
100 / 100
100 / 100
Species present in presence or absence of Pisaster
species present in
plots (# possible)
Pisaster
present
Pisaster
excluded
notes on exclusion
plot
bivalve (1)
1
1
acorn barnacles (3)
3
3
dominant species
barnacles being
crowded out
limpets (2)
2
0
Mitella (1)
1
1
chitons (2)
algae (4)
2
4
0
1
anemone (1)
1
1
sponge (1)
1
1
Table 25.3
exist in scattered
clumps
much reduced in
density
much reduced in
density
Frequency distribution of predator-prey
interaction strengths from a marine food web
Figure 25.9
Examples of
two-link food
chains
Figure 25.10
Percentages of metals in soils from New Caledonia
rich in nickel and from plant latex
metal
% in soil
% dry mass in plant latex
iron
45
0.06
chromium
3
0.004
magnesium
2
0.052
nickel
0.85
25.74
cobalt
0.1
0.007
calcium
0.06
0.52
potassium
0.02
0.15
Table 25.4
Nickel concentrations in Sebertia acuminata
compared with values for other plant species
species
Sebertia acuminata
tissue
latex
leaves
bark
fruits
Hybanthus floribundus
leaves
bark
fruits
flowers
leaves
leaves
leaves
leaves
bark
fruits
flowers
Alyssum bertolonii
3 Homalium species
2 other Hybanthus species
Psychotria douarrei
Table 25.5
conc. of nickel locality
25.74 New Caledonia
1.17
2.45
0.30
0.71
0.17
0.13
0.48
0.80
0.69 - 1.45
0.60 - 1.38
3.40
5.24
2.30
2.40
Western Australia
Italy
New Caledonia
New Caledonia
New Caledonia
Arsenic in brake fern
Figure 25.11
The FACE experimental site at the Duke
University Forest
Figure 25.12
Characteristics of the four FACE experiments
Characteristic
NC FACE
WI FACE
mean annual
precipitation (mm)
1140
810
1390
818
mean annual
temperature (oC)
15.5
4.9
14.2
14.1
growing season
(days)
200
150
190
247
dominant
vegetation
Table 25.6
loblolly
pine
TN FACE IT FACE
aspen,
Sweetgum
maple, birch
poplar
Responses of NPP
and APAR to
elevated [CO2] in
FACE experiments
Figure 25.13
Fraction of the gain in NPP caused by a gain
in APAR plotted against peak seasonal LAI
Figure 25.14
Mean annual temperature anomaly from 2000’06 compared to the 1951-’80 average
Figure 25.15
Changes in forest
cover over 25-30
years in boreal
Canadian forests
Figure 25.16
Mean NDVI and
ΔNDVI profiles,
where all transects
for each region
have been pooled
Figure 25.17
Results of regression analysis of changes in
phenological events over a 60 year time span
Response
# of events
range of slopes
statistically significant decrease
18
-0.476 to -0.128
statistically significant increase
1
0.231
14
-0.299 to -0.074
2
0.136 to 0.244
20
-0.081 to 0.142
decrease that was close to
statistical significance
increase that was close to
statistical significance
no significant increase or decrease
Table 25.7
Regressions of
occurrence of
springtime
biological events
vs. year
Figure 25.18
Regressions of the ordinal day of year of ice
melt against year and mean March temperature
Figure 25.19
Results of experiment to test effect of
transplantation on epiphyte mats
Figure 25.20
Effects of transplantation of epiphyte mats
from high to mid and low elevation sites
Figure 25.21
Moisture input
to and moisture
content of
epiphyte mats
Figure 25.22
Results of greenhouse experiment on seed
banks in epiphyte mats
variable
pruned
unpruned
seedling abundance/mat*
127.6
27.1
total number of species*
37
25
90.4
0.9
% terrestrial species*
Table 25.8
Anomalies for mean summer temperatures for
Charlotte, NC
Figure ELSI 25.2