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Algae
Bryophytes
Ferns
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Evolution
Algae

This is a collective name for a varied group
of phyla with no one diagnostic feature. They
are normally aquatic or live in damp terrestrial
habitats. Subdivisions are mainly associated
with biochemical differences related to
photosynthesis.


Algae are without roots, stems or leaves.
All contain chlorophyll and so can make
their own food by photosynthesis.
 The cells are long and their cellulose cell
walls are covered by a layer of mucilage.
 The major are green, but some are brown
or red.
Feature of plant
Vascular tissue
no
support
Air sac, by water
sporophyte
no
gametophyte
no
Stem root leave
no
Water absorption
diffusion
Reproduction
Binary fission
dispersal
swim
Structure of algae
diatom
Type of algae
Green algae
Brown algae
Volvox
analipus
egregia
Bryophytes
- Bryophytes are small green plants with simple
leaves, stems but no roots.
- They grow close to ground, and usually do not
grow more than 2cm in length.
- They do not have vascular tissue which enables
the plant to grow tall, and which they have no
support to be stiff.
- They are anchored in the ground by delicate
structure called Rhizoid.
- They live in damp places.
- The life cycle of Bryophytes begins with
the release of haploid spores. Spores that
geminate begin cell division, this produces
the filament that will eventually form a
gametophyte.
Photo of bryophytes
moss
liverwort
Life cycle of bryophytes
Archegonia
Feature of plant
Vascular tissue
No true
support
turgid
sporophyte
gametophyte
Only capsule parasite
gametophyte
Photosynthetic, mainly
Stem root leave
No real root but rhizoid
Water absorption
diffusion
Reproduction
Sexually archegonia, antheridia
dispersal
Capsule dry up, mechanical
Ferns
- Ferns consist of true stems, roots, leaves and vascular
tissues.
- Their roots grow horizontally underground
- The preferred habitat of a fern is in the wetlands, or
in moist woody areas; they also prefer damp shaded
area.
- They need water for fertilization.
- As for reproduction, they reproduce by spores and
vegetatively by rhizomes, which are horizontal
underground stems.
Photo of ferns
Life cycle of ferns
Feature of plant
Vascular tissue
simple
support
tracheid
sporophyte
Major, large, water resistant
gametophyte
Minor, small
Stem root leave
Have but root is simple as rhizoid
Water absorption rhizoid
Reproduction
Gametophyte archegonia antheridia
dispersal
Sorus dry up mechanical
Gymnosperms(conifers)
 Gymnosperms are large evergreen trees
with seeds growing inside cones for
reproduction.
 Most of them have needle-shaped leaves.
 It does not have flowers but seeds. The
seeds are naked. They are not enclosed in
food and borne on structure called cones.
Example is pine.

In conifers, the region of primary cell wall
in the centre of the pit is thickened with a
deposit of waxy material, forming a
structure known as a torus. The phloem of
conifers contains sieve cells, fibres, and
parenchyma cells, but companion cells are
absent.
Examples of gymnosperms
 Pine
Feature of plant
Vascular tissue
have
support
woody
sporophyte
all
gametophyte
Minimize to cone
Stem root leave
have
Water absorption
root
Reproduction
cone
dispersal
wind
Angiosperms
 All angiosperms have flowers for
reproduction.
 Their seeds are produced inside the ovary.
 Angiosperms form the dominant terrestrial
vegetation today.
 They are found in a wide range of habitats
and have even re-established themselves in
freshwater and the sea.
- They are extremely well
suited to life on land
both in their morphology.
- They are divided into
dicotyledons and
monocotyledons.
Morphology of herbaceous
dicotyledon
Morphology of herbaceous
monocotyledon
 Lily
Comparison of moncotyledoneae
and dicotyledoneae
Life cycle of angiosperms
Feature of plant
Vascular tissue
have
support
Turgid or woody
sporophyte
all
gametophyte
Minimize to flower
Stem root leave
have
Water absorption
root
Reproduction
Pollen by wind or insect
dispersal
Water wind animals mechanic
Summary of plant kingdom
plant kingdom
non-flowering plants
plants without seeds
plant body does
not have roots,
stems and leaves
algae
plants with seeds
plant body has
leaves,stem and
root or rootlike
structure
gynosperms
no vacsular
tissues
with vascular
tissues
moss
(bryophytes)
ferns
flowering plants
angiosperms
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