Transcript Slide 1

Non-Rooting Room Bulbs
March 28, 2004
Concepts of Forcing
• “Rooting Room Forcing”
– Technique of “standard forcing” is used
– Immediate post harvest temps control rate of
flower initiation and formation
– Rooting takes place during cold treatment
– “Greenhouse Phase” only used to elongate
flower stalks and expand the leaves
Concepts of Forcing Cont…
• “Non-Rooting Room” forcing
– Primary difference to “standard forcing” is that
rooting takes place in the greenhouse
– For some, flower initiation and development
also take place in the greenhouse phase
(Easter Lilies and Dutch Iris)
– “Non-Rooting” does not mean no cold
treatment
– There are two types of “Non-Rooting Room”
bulbs
Special Precooled
• Developed for specific markets
• Bulbs undergo certain cold treatments in
order to bloom at certain times
• An example is tulips grown as cut flowers
for valentines day
Standard “Non-Rooting Room”
Bulbs
• Exemplified by the Calla Lily
• Perennial bulbs that is cycled in and out of
the greenhouse
• Generally have some type of short storage
requirement (i.e. Calla Lilies require a
minimum of 6 week postharvest storage at
35-48 F depending on variety)
Programming Phase
• Many “Non-Rooting Room” bulbs still have
programming phases. This involves:
– harvesting the bulbs at the correct stage
– Proper handling and storage
– Sufficient cold treatment
Nonrooting Room Bulbs
(to know)
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Amaryllis (Hippeastrum)
Canna
Calla (Zantedeschia)
Crocrosmia
Dahlia
Incarvillea
Lilium
Nonrooting Room Bulbs
(Other)
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Begonia
Calochortus
Eucomis
Gladiolus
Leucocoryne
Amaryllis (Hippeastrum)
• Plant from winter to spring
• Plant one bulb per standard 6” pot
– Nose should be above media
• Grow at 70-85 F for at least 2 weeks to
root
• Flowers last for about one month
• Use for large containers or interiorscapes
Canna
• Subclass: Monocotyledon
• Family: Cannacea
• Primary Use: Containers
• Flowering Season: Summer
• Hardiness: Tender III
Planting, Watering, and Fert.
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Plant in Spring
Well drained soil
Some organic matter
Fertilize 1-3 times during the growing season
– Applications of 12-10-8
• Tolerate some drought but do best if kept moist
• For containers use dwarf type cultivars
– ‘Chinese Coral’ and ‘Lucifer’
Growth and Flowering
• Cultural Requirements:
– 70-85˚ F Summer
– 41-50˚ F Winter
• Can grow up to 9 ft tall
• Flower for 2-3 months in summer
• May be affected by Jap. Beetles in midsummer
Flowers
• Petaploid stamens
• Colors include coral, cream, orange, pink,
red, or yellow
• 3 sepals, 3 petals, and up to 5 stamens
formed
Foliage
• Long wide leaves
• Color is green to bronze while some are
variegated
Major Diseases and Pests
• Bud Rot (Xanthomonas cannae)
• Canna Mosaic Virus
• Botrytis cinerea
• PESTS: Japanese Beetles and Slug and
Nails
Calla (Zantedeschia)
• Two types
– Z. aethiopica planted in fall and grown cool
– Colored cultivars planted in spring and grown
warm
• Primarily used in containers
• Tender II: Injured at temps below 50 F
Crocosmia
• Common name is Crocosmia:
– Crocosmia sp.
– Montbretia hybrids
• Dried flowers smell of saffron; Greek:
– Krokos (saffron)
– Osme (smell)
Crocosmia Bulb Structure
• Corm
– Probably has contractile roots (DeHertogh and Le
Nard, 1993)
Growth, Development, and
Flowering
• Summer Growing
• Corms dormant in winter
• Flowers in summer
*Currently there are no reports available for effects of
temperature and photoperiod on the growth and
development of crocosmia
Recent Study
• Study by Armitage and Caushman (1990)
– Planted cv. ‘James Coey’ in January,
February, and March
– All started flowering in July
– Total Plant Height was 50-64.3 cm
Planting, Watering, and Fert.
• Generally 2-3 cm deep
– Well drained soil
– Well composted soil
• Fertilized once at planting
• Fertilized again 4 weeks later
• Keep well watered in summer
*All according to normal field growing practices of Dutch
growers
Major Diseases and Pests
• Fire (Botrytis gladiolarum)
– Can affect the leaves, flowers, and corms
• Dry-Rot (Stromattinia gladioli)
– Can affect roots and corm
• Corm Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
gladioli)
– Primarily affects the corm
• PESTS: Red spider mites
Brent and Becky’s Description
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Up to 50 tubular, starry, warm, colorful blooms
Blooms on 24”-36” gracefully arching stems
Pest Resistant
Sword like foliage similar to glads
Blends in nicely adding linear accents
Best in full sun
Dahlia x
• Subclass: Asteridae
• Family: Compositae
• Primary Use: Containers
• Flowering Season: Summer
• Hardiness: Tender III (injured at temps
below 35 F)
13 Step Checklist
(From the Holland Bulb Forcer’s Guide)
1. Purchase only specially-grown cultivars
2. On arrival, inspect for freezing injury, physical
damage, and diseases
3. Store tuberous roots at 45 to 50 F
4. Use a well drained, pH 7, sterilized planting
medium
5. Plant tuberous roots with crown above medium
6. Keep planting medium moist, BUT NOT WET
7. Use 63-65 F night and 73-77 day temps and a
medium to high (greater than 2500 Foot
Candles) light intensity greenhouse
Checklist cont…
8. When required for height control, apply A-Rest
10-14 days after planting
9. Pinch single and strong double/weak-shooted
plants at third or fourth node
10. After plants begin to grow, use either 14-14-14
osmocote or a liquid fertilizer program of
200ppm N of 20-20-20 2-3 times per week
11. When desired, spray dwarf cultivars with 66
PPM of A-Rest
12. Do not place marketable plants in cold storage
13. Ship marketable plants at 55 to 60 F
Bulb Type
• Tuberous Root
System
– Primarily enlarged root
tissue
– Crown containing one
or more apical shoot
meristems
– Root primordia
develop from distal
end of enlarged roots
Planting
• Plant in late winter to Spring
• Use one tuberous root per 6” diameter pot
– Use 3 or more in large containers
Fertilization
• Requires continuous fertilization after
visible shoot growth
• Complete NPK required
• Top dressed slow release fertilizer (14-1414)
• Apps. of 200ppm N of a 20-20-20 soluble
fert. can be used 2-3 times a week
– Use this liquid feed to supplement the slow
release
Temperatures
• Force at a min. night temp. of 63-65˚ F
– Lower temps will delay flowering
• Day temps should be 73-77˚ F
– Higher day or night temps will accelerate
flowering
• AVOID TEMPS ABOVE 80˚ F
• To delay flowering, lower the night temps
to 55˚ F
Forcing Times from Various Bud
Stages to Opening of Flower
(Depending on the cultivar)
½”
5/8”
¾”
1”
Flower bud---14 days
Flower bud---10 days
Flower bud--- 7 days
Flower bud--- 4 days
Growth and Flowering
• Cultural
Requirements:
– Grow at 60-65˚ F for
5-8 weeks
• Market in USDA
Zones 4 to 7 after the
danger of the last
frost has passed
• Grow in full sun
Pinching
• Tuberous roots produce range of single, or
multiple stemmed plants
• Single strong shoot must be pinched
– High quality plants
– Maximum number of flowers
• Optimal stage to pinch terminal shoot:
after the third or fourth pair of leaves has
unfolded
Where to Pinch
• Dahlias normally form 2-4 pairs of simple
leaves
– 1st Pair: Small, about 0.5” in length
– 2nd Pair: 1-2”
– 3rd Pair: 3-4” sometimes trifoliate
– 4th Pair: 3-4” either simple, trifoliate, or
pinnate
• Pinch removes all terminal growth above
the 3rd or 4th pair of leaves
– give 2-4 lateral shoots
Pinching cont…
• Also some double stemmed plants that
need to be pinched
• If one shoot grows stronger than the other,
pinch the strong shoot
• Do not pinch shoots growing equally
• Do not pinch if 3 shoots are growing
– Do not allow more than 3 shoots to grow
Pinching cont….
• Pinching will delay flowering 5 to 10 days
• Pinched plants are slightly taller
• If pinching is not done at optimal stages,
flowering can be delayed
• Low vigor plants are not pinched with the
rest of the rest of the crop
Flowers
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Flowers form after 5-7
pairs of leaves
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Colors: Solid, Bi-color, or
multicolored
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Royal Horticultural
Society in Great Brittain
divided flowers into 10
basic groups:
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10.
Single Flowered
Anemone
Collerette
Peony-flowered
Decorative
Ball
Pompon
Cactus
Semi-cactus
Misc. Types
Pests
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Aphids
Beet Army Worm
Red Spider
Thrips
White Fly
Physiological Disorders
• On occasion, tuberous roots will fail to
develop shoots
– Caused by sterile roots or crown gall.
Incarvillea sp.
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Plant in spring
Expect a 14” leaf spread
Use one tuberous root per 6” standard pot
Cover crown of root with about 3” of
medium
Lilium
• Can plant in fall, winter, or spring
• Can go in variety of pot sizes and
containers
• Root for only 2-3 weeks in greenhouse
and then market
• Asiatic and Oriental types
• Hardy I: injured at temps below 23F
Begonia
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Plant in spring
Grow at 60-65F
Long days will promote earlier flowering
Will flower for entire summer
Use for hanging baskets or containers
Tender III: injured at temps below 35F
Calochortus
Eucomis
• Plant in Spring
• Use at least 3 bulbs in large containers
• Fertilize 2-3 times during the growing
season
• Tender II: Injured at temperatures below
50 F
Leucocoryne
• Plant in mass for best results
• Off white to faded purple type color
• Grass like foliage