Transcript 2. Essential Elements - SOIL 5813

Essential Elements
SOIL 5813
Soil-Plant Nutrient Cycling and
Environmental Quality
Department of Plant and Soil
Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK 74078
email: [email protected]
Tel: (405) 744-6414
Arnon's Criteria of Essentiality
1.
Element required to complete life cycle
2.
Deficiency can only be corrected by the ion in question
3.
Element needs to be directly involved in the nutrition of the
plant and not indirectly via the need of another organism.
Any mineral element that functions in plant metabolism, whether or
not its action is specific (Tisdale et al., 1985)
C, H, O, N, P, and S (constituent of proteins)
Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Mo, Cu, B, Zn, Cl, Na, Co, V, Si (essential to one
or more plants)
'CHOPKNS CaFe MgB Mn Cl CuZn Mo'
MobileNutrients
A.Plant
1. deficiency symptoms appear in the lower older leaves
B. Soil
Immobile Nutrients
A.Plant
1. deficiency symptoms appear in the upper younger leaves
B. Soil
Deficiency Symptom
Element
Mobility
Mobility
Form taken up
Soil
Plant by Plants
____________________________________________________________________________________
Overall chlorosis seen
N Nitrogen
Yes
Yes
NO3-,NO2-,NH4+
Purple leaf margins
P Phosphorus
No
Yes
HPO4=,H2PO4-,H3PO4
Chlorotic leaf margins
K Potassium
No
Yes
K+
Uniform chlorosis, stunting
S Sulfur
Yes
Yes(no)
SO4=,SO2*
First on lower leaves
(younger leaves)
Stunting-no root elongation
N*S interaction
Ca Calcium
Interveinal chlorosis
(veins remain green)
Interveinal chlorosis
Fe Iron
Mg Magnesium
Reduced terminal growth
(chlorotic tips)
Interveinal chlorosis
No
No (ls)
No (ls)
B Boron (NM)
Mn Manganese
Wilting, chlorosis
reduced root growth
Young leaves, yellow stunted
No
Interveinal chlorosis
in young leaves
Yes
No
Fe+++,Fe++
Mg++
No
No
Yes
No (ls)
Zn Zinc
No
Yes/No
Cl Chlorine
Cu Copper
Ca++
H3BO3°
Mn++, Mn+++
Yes
No
No (ls)
Cl–
Cu++
No
Zn++
Interveinal chlorosis, stunting
Mo Molybdenum
Yes/No(ls)
No
MoO4=
Dark green color
Na Sodium
No(ls)
Yes
Na+
C Carbon
CO2
H Hydrogen
H2O
O Oxygen
H2O
____________________________________________________________________________________
* absorbed through plant leaves
(NM) Non Metal
(ls) Low Solubility
Mo availability increases with soil pH, other micronutrients show the opposite of this.
Immobile nutrients in plant; symptoms of deficiency show up in the younger leaves.
Stage of growth when deficiency symptom is apparent = later stage
What are the Primary
Nutrients
needed by all crops
Nutrient
Soil (lb/a)*
Crop
(lb/a)**
Nitrogen (N)
400 – 8,000
80
Potassium (K)
800 - 60,000
40
Phosphorus (P) 400 – 10,000
12
*Range of total amount in soil. From
Chemical Equilibria in Soils.
W.L.Lindsay, 1979. Wiley & Sons.
**Calculated for 2 ton crop yield
(67 bushel wheat).
Secondary Nutrients Needed
by all Crops
Nutrient
Soil (lb/a)*
14,000 –
1,000,000
Calcium
Magnesium
Crop
(lb/a)**
16
1,200 - 12,000
8
60 – 20,000
6
Sulfur
* Range of total in soil. From Chemical Equilibria
in Soils. W.L.Lindsay, 1979. Wiley & Sons.
**Calculated for 2 ton crop yield
(67 bushel wheat).
Micronutrients Needed by
all Crops
Nutrient
Soil (lb/a)*
Iron
14,000 –
1,100,000
Manganese
40 – 6,000
0.8
4 - 200
0.08
20 - 600
0.6
Zinc
4 - 200
0.08
Boron
40 – 1,800
4
0.4 - 10
0.0008
Copper
Chlorine
Crop
(lb/a)**
1
Molybdenum
*Range of total in soils. From Chemical Equilibria in
Soils. W.L.Lindsay, 1979. Wiley & Sons.
**Calculated for 2 ton crop yield (67 bushel wheat).
Review: Nutrients
Needed by all Crops
Primary
Secondary
Micro
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Iron (Fe)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Zinc (Zn)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
Manganese
(Mn)
Copper (Cu)
Chlorine (Cl)
Boron (B)
Molybdenum
(Mo)
Nutrients are grouped
according to crop
removal.
• Primary (N, P, K).
– Removed in largest amount by crop.
• Most commonly deficient.
• Secondary.
– Removed in moderate amount by crop.
• Micro.
– Removed in minute amount by crop.
Nutrients not found
deficient in Oklahoma
crops.
• Calcium.
– Liming prevents Ca deficiency.
• Manganese.
• Copper.
• Molybdenum.
Nutrients seldom found
deficient in Oklahoma
crops.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Magnesium.
Sulfur.
Iron.
Zinc.
Boron.
Chlorine.
Magnesium and Sulfur
deficiencies.
• Occur on deep, sandy, low
organic matter soils in high
rainfall regions with high
yielding forage production.
– Storage capacity for Mg and S is
low.
– Large annual removal of
nutrients.
Magnesium Deficiency
in Alfalfa.
Sulfur Deficiency in
Corn.
Overall light green color,
worse on new leaves
during rapid growth.
Sulfur Deficiency in
Wheat.
Overall light green color,
worse on new leaves
during rapid growth.
Magnesium and Sulfur
additions.
• Lime, especially dolomitic, adds
Mg.
• Rainfall adds 6 lb/acre/yr of S.
– Like 120 lb of N (crop needs 1 lb
S for every 20 lb N).
Iron deficiencies.
• Limited to high pH soils and
sensitive crops.
– West-central and western Oklahoma.
– Grain sorghum, sorghum sudan, and
wheat (also pin oak, blueberries and
azaleas).
– Crop symptoms are chlorosis between
veins of newest leaves.
Iron Deficiency in Corn.
Note yellowing
(chlorosis) between
veins.
Iron Deficiency in
Peanuts
Note yellowing (chlorosis)
between veins of newest
leaves.
Correcting and
Minimizing Iron
Deficiency in Crops.
• Select tolerant varieties and
crops.
• Incorporate several tons of
rotted organic matter per acre of
affected soil.
• Use a foliar spray of 1 % Fe as
iron sulfate.
– Usually will require repeat
spraying and will not be
economical.
Zinc deficiencies.
• Usually found in high pH, low
organic matter soils, and
sensitive crops.
– Pecans, corn, soybeans and
cotton.
– Crop symptoms are shortened
internodes and bronze coloring.
Zinc Deficiency in
Cotton (Mississippi)
Zinc
Deficiency
in Corn
(Kansas).
Note short
internodes
(stunted
plants).
Note “bronze”
coloring of
leaf.
Correcting Zinc
Deficiency
in Crops.
• Broadcast and incorporate 6 to
10 lb of Zn as zinc sulfate
preplant.
– This rate should eliminate the
deficiency for 3 to 4 years as
compared to 1 to 2 lb applied
annually.
• Foliar apply low rate to pecans
annually.
Boron Deficiencies.
• Occasionally found in peanuts
grown in sandy, low organic matter
soils.
– Responsible for “hollow heart”.
Correcting Boron
Deficiency
in Crops.
• Apply ½ to 1 lb B according to
soil test.
– May be applied as addition to NP-K blend or foliar spray inseason.
– Excessive rates may kill crop.
• Applications may be needed
each year.
Chlorine Deficiency.
• Occasionally found in wheat
grown in sandy, low organic
matter soils.
Chlorine Deficiencies.
• Symptoms are yellow “blotches’
on mature leaves.
Chlorine Deficiencies.
• Limited to areas where potassium
(K) fertilizer is not used.
– K fertilizer is usually potassium
chloride.
– Soil test Cl is < 20 lb/acre in top 2 feet.
Nutrients often Deficient
in Oklahoma crops.
• Nitrogen (N).
– Legumes like soybeans and
alfalfa get their N from
microorganisms (rhizobium) that
fix N from the atmosphere.
• Phosphorus (P).
• Potassium (K).
Nitrogen Deficiency.
• Shows up as chlorosis (yellowing) at
the tip of the oldest leaf.
– Progresses toward the base of the leaf
along the midrib (corn).
– Chlorosis continues to the next oldest
leaf, after the oldest leaf becomes
almost completely chlorotic, if
deficiency continues.
Nitrogen Deficiency in
Corn.
chlorosis (yellowing) at the tip of
the oldest leaf.
Nitrogen Deficiency in
Corn.
Chlorosis continues
to the next oldest
leaf
Potassium Deficiency.
• Common in crops grown in
weathered soils developed under
high rainfall.
– Symptoms are chlorosis at the tip of the
oldest leaf (like N), that progresses
toward the base along the leaf margins.
Potassium Deficiency.
• Common in crops grown in
weathered soils developed
under high rainfall.
K Usually
adequate
K Usually
deficient
Potassium Deficiency.
– Chlorosis at the tip of the oldest leaf
progressing toward the base along the
leaf margins (corn, alfalfa).
Phosphorus Deficiency.
• Deficiency in Oklahoma cultivated
soils is related to historical use of Pfertilizers.
– P builds up in soils when high-P, low-N
fertilizers are the only input.
• 10-20-10 and 18-46-0.
• Deficiency symptoms are purple
coloring and some yellow on lower
(oldest) leaves.
Phosphorus Deficiency.
CORN
purple coloring and
sometimes yellow on
lower (oldest) leaves.