Transcript The Plant Kingdom (Part III)

The Plant Kingdom (Part II)
Plant Systems and Subsystems
Engage
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Observe the different types of plants that
are being passed around the room.
Explore
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Kingdom Plantae Informational Search
Explain
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Continue to add to your informational
search as we discuss plant diversity.
Explain - Diversity of Plants
Cone-bearing plants
760 species
Ferns and
their relatives
11,000 species
Flowering
plants
235,000 species
Mosses and
their relatives
15,600 species
Form 2 main groups nonvascular and vascular plants
Plant Divisions
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Bryophytes
(Nonvascular)
Do not contain
specialized conducting
tissues
Live in water or moist
environments
Examples: moss,
liverworts, and
hornworts
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Tracheophytes
(Vascular)
They contain vascular
tissue: xylem and
phloem
Examples: ferns,
conifers, and
flowering plants.
Bryophytes (Mosses)
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Nonvascular
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No roots, stem,or leaves
Transport of water is by
osmosis
Short in height (1-5 cm.)
Haploid gametophyte is
dominant
Diploid sporophyte is
small
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Tracheophytes
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Vascular Plants
The xylem conducts water up
The phloem conducts food (sugar) down
The sporophyte generation is dominant
Vascular Seedless Plants (Spores)
and
Vascular Seed Plants
Vascular Seedless Plants
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Ex. Ferns
Contain horizontal
stems, just under the
soil, called rhizomes.
The roots grow from
the rhizomes
The leaves are called
fronds which contain
the spores.
Requires H2O for
sperm to swim to egg
Evolution of the Gametophyte and
the Sporophyte
Gametophyte (N)
Sporophyte (2N)
Bryophytes
Ferns
Seed plants
Vascular Seed Plants
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Gymnosperms
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Nonflowering
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Bear seeds on the
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upper surface of
scales inside of cones
Contain true roots,
stems, and leaves
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Examples Conifers,
Pines
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Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Flower is a group of
modified leaves used for
sexual reproduction;
seeds found in fruit
Contains true
roots,stems, and leaves
Examples: rose, lily, oak,
maple, pea, and grass
Gymnosperms
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Leaves are needlelike
Most are evergreen
They are called soft
wood.
Reproductive
structure is a cone or
cone-like structure.
Life Cycle of Gymnosperm
Angiosperms
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Broad leaf plants
Most are deciduous
Called hardwood
They are divided into
two groups based on
the number of seed
leaves (cotyledons)
they contain.
Life Cycle of Angiosperms
Pollen grains (N)
(male gametophyte)
Anther (2N)
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
Stigma
Pollen
tubes
Style
MEIOSIS
Haploid cell
(N)
Ovary
Ovule
Embryo sac (N)
(female gametophyte)
Egg cell
Mature
sporophyte
Seedling (2N)
(new sporophyte)
Sperm
Pollen tube
Endosperm nuclei
Endosperm
(3N)
Embryo
(2N)
FERTILIZATION
Endosperm
Seed coat
Fruit
Zygote
(2N)
Cotyledons
Monocotyledons
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“Monocots”
1 cotyledon
Parallel veins on leaves
Fibrous roots
Flowers in multiples of 3
Ex) grass, corn
Dicotyledons
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“Dicots”
2 cotyledons
Netted veins
Tap root
Flowers, 4’s or 5’s
Ex) Peanuts, green beans
Seed Germination Concept Map
Seed
Germination
in
Monocots
Dicots
have
have
1 Cotyledon
2 Cotyledons
that
that
Remains with
the seed
Emerge
above ground
Remain
below ground
Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants
Characteristics
Wind-pollinated
Plants
Animal-pollinated
Plants
Pollination method
Wind pollination
Vector pollination
Relative efficiency of
pollination method
Less efficient
More efficient
Plant types
Mostly gymnosperms and Angiosperms
some angiosperms
Reproductive organs
Cones
Flowers
Adaptations that
promote pollination
Pollination drop
Bright colors, sweet
nectar
The flower: the defining structure of angiosperms
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Reproductive structure: pollen
transfer; specialized shoot with
modified leaves
Sepals: enclose flower before
it opens
Petals: attract pollinators
Stamens: male; anther
(produces pollen), filament
Carpel or Pistil: female;
stigma, style, ovary, ovules
Flower Types
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Perfect
Perfect flowers
contain both male and
female parts on the
same flower.
Also called
monoecious
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Imperfect
Imperfect flowers are
missing one of the
reproductive parts.
Also called dioecious.
Life Cycle of Angiosperms
Pollen grains (N)
(male gametophyte)
Anther (2N)
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
Stigma
Pollen
tubes
Style
MEIOSIS
Haploid cell
(N)
Ovary
Ovule
Embryo sac (N)
(female gametophyte)
Egg cell
Mature
sporophyte
Seedling (2N)
(new sporophyte)
Sperm
Pollen tube
Endosperm nuclei
Endosperm
(3N)
Embryo
(2N)
FERTILIZATION
Endosperm
Seed coat
Fruit
Zygote
(2N)
Hormone Action on Plants
Hormone-producing cells
Movement of hormone
Target cells
Plant Hormones
A.
Auxins
1. Auxins and Phototropism
2. Auxins and Gravitropism
B.
Cytokinins – stimulate cell
division, growth of lateral buds, cause
dormant seeds to sprout
C.
Gibberellins – growth
hormone that stimulates cell
elongation, increase the rate of seed
germination and bud development
D.
Ethylene Gas – causes fruit
to ripen and withering of flowers after
fertilization.
Auxins and Phototropism
High
concentration
of auxin
Low
concentration
of auxin
Control
Tip
removed
Opaque
cap
Clear
cap
Opaque shied
over base
Plant Responses
A.
Tropisms
1. Gravitropism – response to
gravity
2. Phototropism – response to
light
3. Thigmotropism – response to
touch
B.
Photoperiodism –
plants response to periods
of light and darkness
Short-day plants
Long-day plants
Photoperiodism in Plants
Short-Day Plant
Midnight
Noon
Long Day
Midnight
Noon
Short Day
Midnight
Noon
Interrupted Night
Long-Day Plant
Diversity of Plants
Elaborate
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Different Types of Plants Lab
Monocots vs. Dicots
Evaluate