Transcript Document

Phytophthora ramorum:
Educate to Detect
(PRED)
University of Illinois Extension
in cooperation with
USDA-Forest Service
USDA-Cooperative State Research Education & Extension Service
IPM Regional Centers
National Plant Diagnostic Network
USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
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Overview
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Introduction
History of P. ramorum
Symptoms and look-alikes
Regulations and management
Sample collection and handling
Questions and answers
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Illinois Task Force
► Co-chairs:
Monica David- U of I Extension
Bruce Paulsrud- U of I Extension
► Dave Bender- IL. Nurseryman’s Association
► Mark Cinnamon-IL. Dept of Agriculture
► Steve Knight- IL. Plant Health Director
► Dick Little- IL. Forestry Development Council
► Karel Jacobs- Morton Arboretum
► Edith Makra- Morton Arboretum
► Nancy Pataky- U of I Plant Clinic
► Dave Shiley- U of I Extension
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History outline
 Status in North American forests
 Status in Europe
 Status in North American landscapes
and nurseries
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Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco)
Photo: Marin County Fire Department
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Photo: Marin County Fire Department
Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco), 2000
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Phytophthora ramorum
Sporangia releasing
zoospores
Phytophthora ramorum in culture
Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley
Chlamydospores
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Phytophthora ramorum infection on the leaves of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)
Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service
Two sets of symptoms caused by
Phytophthora ramorum
 Sudden Oak Death
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Red oak group hosts and tanoak
Stem lesions beneath the bark
May bleed or ooze
Can kill adult plants
 Phytophthora ramorum Foliar Blight
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Non-oak hosts
Spots and blotches on leaves
Shoot dieback
Can kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature plants
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Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF
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P. ramorum
confirmations in forests
Map from www.suddenoakdeath.org
Kelly, UC-Berkeley
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Map: USDA- Forest Service
European garden & nursery finds
Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe
Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute
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Infected trees in
Europe
Quercus rubra
Fagus sylvatica
Photo: DEFRA
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Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
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Photo: Jonathan Jones, APHIS, PPQ
Trace-forward & trace-back
investigations
Trace forwards = to the nurseries where
stock was shipped TO
Trace backs = to the nursery where stock
was shipped FROM
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Phytophthora ramorum
national survey
 Most states have started or completed their surveys
 Over 3,000 nurseries / garden centers have been
surveyed
 Over 50,000 samples have been taken
 Originally 15 positives in 7 states
 All samples taken in Illinois were negative
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Sudden Oak Death/P. ramorum Blight Survey Findings
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1
1
1
2
1 (indoor)
1
24
3
1
3
55
2
1
1
4
9
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Not found
Positive sample(s)
Pathogen is established
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3
6
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As of January 10, 2005:
• 3,130 sites surveyed (51,520 samples)
• Confirmed in 22 states (176 positives)
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Symptoms & look-alikes
 Sudden Oak Death on oak hosts
 Symptoms on other hosts
 Screening questions at the NCIPM
website (www.ncipm.org/sod) and in
the Illinois plan:
 focus on recently purchased (or near recently
purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris,
rhododendron, or viburnum
Symptoms caused by P. ramorum
differ on different hosts
Sudden Oak Death
affects members of the oak family
(Fagaceae)
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True oaks (Quercus spp.)
Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus)
Chestnut (Castanea) [Europe only]
Beech (Fagus) [Europe only]
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P. ramorum on coast live oak
Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension
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‘Bleeding’ canker on tree trunk
 ‘Bleeding’ or oozing
on the bark
 Not associated with
cracks in bark or
insect holes
 Usually on the
lower 6 ft. of tree
trunks
Photo: Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley
Phytophthora ramorum
“bleeding”
Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation
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Phytophthora ramorum
Cankers (in inner
bark) are surrounded
by a black line
Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
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Phytophthora ramorum
outer bark
Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation
inner bark
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Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Similar symptoms – submit sample
outer bark
inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
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Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
Scorching of foliage and vascular
discoloration typical of Oak Wilt
Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
Scorching of foliage caused by Bacterial Leaf Scorch
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Other common diseases & injuries
 Bacterial wetwood
 Boring insects
 Mechanical injury
 Fungi
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On other plant hosts, P. ramorum
causes symptoms of foliar blight
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Camellia
Rhododendron
Viburnum
Pieris
Mountain laurel
Lilac
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Pyracantha
Honeysuckle
Yew
Douglas-fir
Grand fir
Coast redwood
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Symptoms on camellia
Photos: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture & Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
Symptoms on camellia
Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
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Symptoms on camellia
 Symptoms can be
subtle
 Look for irregularshaped brown lesions
on the leaves
 Sometimes only the
tips of leaves are
brown
 Look for lower leaves
that have fallen off
Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
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Similar symptoms – submit sample
Sun scorch on camellia
Photo: Carrie Harmon, University of Florida
Similar symptoms – submit sample
Cold injury on camellia
Photo: Richard Regan, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on
rhododendron
Shoot dieback
Foliar blight
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
Foliar blight
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P. ramorum symptoms on
rhododendron
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
Rhododendron macrophyllum
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P. ramorum symptoms on
rhododendron
Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation
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P. ramorum symptoms on
rhododendron
Rhododendron ‘Unique’
Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on eastern
native rhododendrons
(inoculation trials)
Photo: Paul Tooley, USDA-ARS
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Similar symptoms – submit sample
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora syringae
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
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Similar symptoms – submit sample
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora species
Photo: Mike Benson, NCSU
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Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
Phytophthora root rot - not caused by P. ramorum
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
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Similar symptoms – not P. ramorum
Sun scorch
Gray blight can develop on sun
scorched rhododendron leaves
Photo: Rich Regan, Oregon State University
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Symptoms on pieris
Pieris japonica
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
P. ramorum symptoms on pieris
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
Pieris japonica
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P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘’Dawn’
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
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P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
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P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
Viburnum plicatum tomentosum ‘Mariesii’
Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on viburnum
stem
canker
Photo: Sabine Werres, Institute für Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau, Germany
P. ramorum symptoms on kalmia
(mountain laurel)
Photo: DEFRA
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Similar symptoms – submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
Photo: Robert Linderman, USDA-ARS
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Similar symptoms – submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
Photo: Peter Angwin, USDA-Forest Service
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P. ramorum symptoms on lilac
Photo: Alexandra Schlenzig, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency
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Similar symptoms – submit sample
Bacterial blight on lilac
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
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P. ramorum symptoms on conifers
Grand fir
Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
Douglas-fir
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Regulations & Management
 P. ramorum quarantines
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Federal vs. State quarantines
Quarantine goals
What areas are under quarantine?
What is the impact of a quarantine?
(Why we don’t really want to find out!)
 P. ramorum management strategies
Phytophthora ramorum
regulations & quarantines
 Federal quarantines
 Authorization: Plant Protection Act
 Prevent movement between states
 State quarantines
 Authorization in IL: IL Pest and Disease Act
 505 ILCS 90 (www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp)
 Prevent introductions and movement within a state
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Federal P. ramorum quarantine
program goals
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 Prevent the artificial spread of P. ramorum
 Take the least restrictive action necessary
 Determine status of disease, nationwide
 Keep the regulations current with the science and risk
 Identify where infected items came from and went to
 Clean up infested nurseries and garden centers
Phytophthora ramorum
regulations & quarantines
 Federal quarantine areas
 14 California counties & part of an Oregon county
 “Pest is present and being officially controlled”
 P. ramorum is established in natural environment,
but within the quarantined area.
 Federal regulated areas
 All of California, Oregon, and Washington
 “…is subjected to phytosanitary measures”
 Think of this as a buffer between known infested
and non-infested areas
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Phytophthora ramorum
regulations & quarantines
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 Impact on Federal quarantined areas:
 Each shipment of host or associated host
plants or regulated articles must be inspected
before shipping interstate – must be free of
P. ramorum.
 Annual inspection - even in nurseries that
don’t contain or ship P. ramorum hosts or
associated hosts.
Phytophthora ramorum
domestic regulated articles/materials
 Nursery stock*
 Bark
 Forest stock
 Soil
 Wood
 Wreaths & greenery
* See www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
for a current list of hosts and associated hosts
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Phytophthora ramorum
regulations & quarantines
 Impact on Federal regulated areas:
 Nurseries may not ship hosts or associated
hosts until inspection proves the nursery is
not infested with P. ramorum.
 Annual inspection - even in nurseries that
don’t contain or ship P. ramorum hosts or
associated hosts.
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USDA-APHIS website:
www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
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Prevention & Management
 Cultural tactics:
 Thoroughly inspect all new plants for unusual
symptoms prior to introducing them into the
nursery, garden center, forest, or landscape.
 Avoid planting P. ramorum-foliar hosts under or
adjacent to oak trees.
 Avoid wetting the plant foliage, which will stimulate
foliar diseases such as P. ramorum.
 Monitor host plants frequently and promptly submit
a sample from any suspicious plant.
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Prevention & Management
 Fungicides:
 Information now emerging: interpret with caution
 Two established active ingredients seem to have the
most promise (and data)
- mefenoxam (Subdue Maxx): Foliar infections
- phosphorous acid (AGRI-FOS): Trunk cankers
 Regular or supplemental labels are expected soon
 Read the labels carefully
 See the “IL P. ramorum Detection & Response Plan”
for further details.
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P. ramorum procedures
 Review of material just presented
 Goal of PRED
 Overview of the program
 What to do…
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Sample referral criteria
 Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora
ramorum (as indicated by the screening
questionnaire):
 Affected plant is on host list and purchased since 2002
 Affected plant is near a recently purchased host plant
 Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora ramorum
 Screening questions at the NCIPM website
(www.ncipm.org/sod) or the same questions
modified for Illinois and found in the Illinois plan
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Communication
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Submit the suspect sample to:
 University of Illinois extension office near you
for DDDI submission
 If still suspect, the sample will need to be sent to:
University of Illinois Plant Clinic
1401 W. St. Mary’s Rd.
Urbana, IL 61802
217-333-0519
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Avoid alarming behavior. Don’t jump to conclusions.
 Wait for lab result
 Maintain confidentiality
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If you’re asked to collect a sample
 Collect leaves that
show various stages
of symptom
development.
 Take pictures of
symptoms and
environment.
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Packaging a sample
 Place sample on a paper
towel. Do not wet the
towel.
 Double bag and seal the
sample in zippable bags.
 If shipping, use a crush
proof box with seams
sealed completely with
tape.
 Be sure to include the
sample submission form
required by your state.
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Delivering a sample
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Contact the Plant Clinic (217-333-0519).
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Samples must be fresh and in good condition.
Enclose in plastic as if mailing. Label the
bags.
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Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday
shipments).
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Sampling reminders
 The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can
only be as good as the sample and
information provided.
 Sample must be representative of
symptoms and severity in the field and must
contain the right material.
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Sampling reminders
 Sanitation
 disposal of material
 containment while shipping
 clean tools
 Chain of custody
 restrict access to sample
 make sure sample collection location is
retraceable
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Diagnostics: laboratory tests
 There are three detection
methods:
 Antibody test (ELISA)
 Plating on selective media
 DNA (PCR)
 Relatively expensive
ELISA
Plating
 Time consuming
PCR
Photo: Natalie Goldberg, New Mexico State University
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Where to go for more information
 APHIS:
www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
 California Oak Mortality Task Force:
www.suddenoakdeath.org
 NC IPM:
www.ncipm.org/sod
 IL Home, Yard, & Garden Pest Newsletter:
www.ag.uiuc.edu/cespubs/hyg
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Acknowledgments
 Revising authors
 Monica David
 Nancy Pataky
 Bruce Paulsrud
 Original authors
 Jennifer Parke
 Susan Frankel
 Janice Alexander
 Carla Thomas
 Illinois Sudden Oak Death Task Force Members
Dave Bender, Mark Cinnamon, Monica David, Nancy
Pataky, Bruce Paulsrud, Dave Shiley, Karel Jacobs, Edith
Makra, Steve Knight, Dick Little, and Tom Wilson