Transcript Organization of Living Things and Adaptations Ecology

OA
1. List the types of electromagnetic
radiation from lowest energy (least
penetrating) to highest energy (most
penetrating).
2. Which three can damage the cells of
living things?
3. The Sun gives off all three types of
radiation in #2. How are we protected
from those types of radiation?
4. Which type of EM is sometimes used to
kill germs (viruses and bacteria)?
Ecology - Organization of Living Things
and Adaptations
Ecology is the study
of how living things
interact with each
other and their
environment.
2. A producer is an organism that can make its own food.
3. A consumer is an organism that gets its energy by feeding
on other organisms. A consumer that eats only plants is
called a herbivore, and a consumer that eats only animals
is called a carnivore. One that eats both plants and
animals is called an omnivore.
4. A decomposer is an organism that gets its energy by
feeding on dead organisms and the wastes of living
organisms. Decomposers release nutrients back into the
soil so that the nutrients are once again available to the
producers.
5. Producers are autotrophs while consumers and
decomposers are heterotrophs.
How does energy flow in an
ecosystem?
• Energy flows in one direction in an ecosystem
(sun -> producers -> consumers -> decomposers)
• An organism either produces its own food or eats
other organisms to obtain energy. The organism
uses some of this energy to move, grow, and
reproduce. This means that only some of the
energy will be available to the organism at the next
level.
• At each level, there is less available energy than at
the previous level.
There are 2 ways to illustrate the flow of
energy in an ecosystem:
• Energy pyramid
• Food web
Only 1/10 of the energy on one level is available to the organisms on the
next level.
How does the shape of the pyramid help explain the energy flow in an
ecosystem?
Who has the most energy available to them? Who has the least?
a. Producers
b. Primary consumers
c. Secondary consumers
d. Tertiary consumers
Food Web
In a food web, the arrows can be replaced with the words “is eaten by”.
Which organisms are the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers,
and tertiary consumers? Decomposers?
If all of the grasshoppers died from a disease, what would happen to the other
populations?
Alien Food Web
Add the following question:
A new virus suddenly kills all of the
borluds. Hypothesize what effect this
would have on the other organisms in
the food web.
Summative OA - Chemistry
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
20g
+
?
15g + 35g
① Is this chemical equation balanced?
② Write this equation in word form, including the name of
each reactant and product.
③ What is this chemical reaction called?
④ Where does this chemical reaction occur?
⑤ What is the purpose of this chemical reaction?
⑥ How much mass of O2 would be required in the reaction
above to satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass?
⑦ According to the equation above, how many molecules of
glucose would react with 36 molecules of oxygen?
7. The role that an organism or population plays within
its ecosystem is called a niche. Each plant and animal
plays a role that is important for the survival of the
other plants and animals. For example:
Giraffes can live in the same area as gazelles because they eat different
plants and don't compete with each other. Dung beetles bury the
feces of these animals and lay their eggs in it. The hatching grubs
feed on the feces. The buried feces also fertilizes the grass and
plants, which in turn feed the gazelles and giraffes.
8. A group of ecosystems with similar climates
and organisms is called a biome.
 Biomes are categorized by their temperature and
rainfall amount.
 The 6 major land biomes:
Rainforest
Desert
Deciduous Forest
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
Grassland
Tundra
 There are 2 major aquatic biomes:
Marine
Freshwater
Major Biomes of the World
9. Organisms must be adapted to their specific
biome or they will die.
10.An adaptation is a trait that helps an
organism survive and reproduce in its biome.
How is a giraffe adapted to
life on the grassland?
Rainforest & Desert
Since it rains every day in the
rainforest, the trees in the
rainforest do not need thick bark
to hold in moisture. Rainforest
trees often have smooth, thin
bark. Many of the plants also
have large leaves to help capture
sunlight for photosynthesis.
Deserts get very little rain. Many
desert plants store water in their stems
or leaves or have a waxy coating to
help reduce evaporation. Some plants
have long root systems that spread out
wide or go deep into the ground to
absorb water. Others have sharp
spines to discourage animals from
eating the plant for its water.
Deciduous & Boreal Forest
Winters are cold in the
deciduous forests, so
deciduous trees lose their
leaves and go dormant during
winter in order to conserve
energy. These trees usually
have thick bark to protect
against cold winters.
Coniferous trees found in the Boreal
Forest (Taiga) have needle-shaped
leaves. This helps the trees shed
the heavy snow more easily to
prevent the branches from breaking.
The needles are also covered in a
waxy substance that helps them
hold in water.
Grassland
Since zebras are too large to hide in the grass of a grassland, they have
stripes that help them blend in with a herd. The camouflage and extreme
speed of a cheetah enables it to catch prey. Many grassland animals have
behavioral adaptations, such as migrating during the dry season, that enable
them to survive in the grassland.
Tundra
The tundra is extremely cold and dry. Animals that live in the tundra often have
short legs and ears to minimize skin exposure. Most have very thick, insulating
fur or feathers that changes colors (brown during summer to white during
winter).
Freshwater Biome
River otters can completely
close their nostrils and ears
when they submerge
underwater to hunt for food.
Their webbed feet and tail
help them move through the
water. Their long whiskers
help them feel objects in the
water.
The ability of the Great Blue Heron
to strike at prey with incredible
speed is due to the structure of its
neck. They also have long legs and
a bill that is adapted to probing,
grasping, and occasionally spearing
prey.
Marine (Saltwater) Biome
Adaptations to help saltwater fish
survive may include sleek bodies to
reduce friction in the water, gills for
breathing underwater, eyes on both
sides of their heads to better see
enemies, fins to help them swim
faster, and camouflage coloring to
help them hide from predators.
To stay warm in the ocean water,
saltwater mammals have a layer of
blubber under very thick skin. They
are also able to dive very deep into
the water without getting the
“bends”. Their heartbeat slows
during diving to reduce the need for
oxygen.
12. Variations are any differences between individuals of the
same species. Sometimes these differences make
individuals in the species better adapted to their biome,
which means they are more likely to survive and
reproduce. Their offspring may inherit the helpful trait,
which makes the offspring more likely to survive and
reproduce. This is how the helpful trait gets passed from
generation to generation.
13.Natural Selection is the process by which individuals
that are better adapted to their environment are
more likely to survive and reproduce than other
members of the same species.
14.Genes play a major role in natural selection and
adaptations of organisms. Variations can result from
mutations in genes or from the shuffling of alleles
during meiosis.
15.Evolution is when species gradually change over
many generations and become better adapted to
the environmental conditions in their biome.
16.If a species cannot adapt quickly enough to changes
in its environment, it may become extinct.