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PEST OF VEGETABLES
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Systematic Position:
Phylum – Arthropoda
Class – Insecta
Order – Coleoptera
Family – Chrysomelidae
Genus – Raphidopalpa
Species – Faveicollis
RED PUMPKIN BEETLE
(Aulacophora foveicolis)
Distribution:
 The pest is widely distributed in different parts of the
world, especially in Asia, Africa, Australia and South
Europe. In India, it occurs throughout the country but
is more common in north-western parts. Out of the
several species of Aulacophora, the A. foveicollis is
the commonest beetle found in India.
Food Plants and Nature of Damage:
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It is the most destructive pest of all cucurbitaceous
vegetables. It infests a wide variety of vegetables like
pumpkin, tinda, melon, ghia tori, cucumber etc., but have
special liking for pumpkin.
The damage to the plant is caused mainly by the adult
insects which feed voraciously on the leaves, flowers and
fruits. The beetle makes hole in the plant tissues, causing
death or retardation of growth. The damage done to young
seedlings is often devastating. The grubs of this pest remain
in the soil and feeds on roots and stem of the plant.
Marks of
Identification:
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The dorsal part of the body of
adult beetle is deep orange,
while the ventral side is
black. The beetle appears to
be oblong measuring 5-8 mm
in length and 3.5- 3.75 mm
in width. The posterior part of
the abdomen bears soft white
hairs.
Life Cycle
Prevention and Control:
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1. Trap crop. Few scattered plants should be grown early in
the season. They should be treated with strong insecticidal
spray. So, that the adults attracted towards plant will die and
the subsequent will have pest free crop.
2. Mechanical Collection and destruction of pest. In the early
hours of the morning the beetles remain sluggish. They can
be collected by hand nets and killed in kerosene oil.
3. Repellents. The pest gets repelled by ash or mixture of ash
and insecticidal dust.
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Systematic Position:
Phylum – Arthropoda
Class – Insecta
Order –diptera
Family –tephritidae
Genus – dacus
Species – cucurbitae
PUMPKIN FRUIT FLY
(Dacus cucurbitae)
DISTRIBUTION
 The
melon fly is native to India, and is distributed
throughout most parts of the country. It can be
found throughout most of southern Asia, several
countries in Africa, some island groups in the
Pacific.
 It was introduced there from Japan around 1895,
and by 1897, when it was first observed, it had
already become a serious pest.[2]
Host Plants and Nature of
Damage
Melon flies use at least 125 host plants. They are
major pests of beans, bittermelon, winter melon,
cucumbers, eggplant, green beans, luffa, melons,
peppers, pumpkins, squashes, tomatoes and
watermelon.
 In the Indomalaya ecozone region, the melon fly is
considered the most destructive pest of melons and
other related crops. In Hawaii, it has caused serious
damaged to melon, cucumber and tomato crops.
 The melon fly can attack flowers, stem, root tissue,
and fruit.
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Behaviour
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Melon flies are most often
found on low, leafy,
succulent vegetation near
cultivated areas. In hot
weather they rest on the
undersides of leaves and
in shady areas. They are
strong fliers and usually fly
in the mornings and
afternoons. They feed on
the juices of decaying
fruit, nectar, bird feces,
and plant sap.
Identification
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The adult melon fly is 6 to 8
mm in length. Distinctive
characteristics include its
wing pattern, its long third
antennal segment, the
reddish yellow dorsum of the
thorax with light yellow
markings, and the yellowish
head with black spots.
LIFE
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As the fruits set in the female
fruifly lays eggs just under their
skin in evening. Female releases
resinous secretion that seals the
punctures made for depositing
eggs and make them waterproof.
The maggots hatch in 1-9
days.They are legless,dirty
white,conical creatures.The
maggots become full grown in 3
days.They are 9-10mm long at
this time. Thn maggots fall on
ground and pupate.The pupae
change into winged adults in 6-9
days. They live for about a
month.
CYCLE
The two most common mechanical methods of control
are wrapping developing fruit with a protective covering
and the use of baited traps.
 The most effective cultural management technique is the
destruction of all infested and unmarketable fruit, and
the disposal of crop residues immediately after harvest.
 When the braconid parasitoids Fopius arisanus or
Pysttalia fletcheri were used, and attacked both melon fly
eggs and larvae at the same time, suppression of
development was as much as 56%.
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CONTROL
BAGGING
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Biological control:
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A technician prepares to irradiate male melon fly pupae to
sterilize them as:
Sterilization of male melon flies through irradiation has
proven effective in significantly reducing the number of eggs
hatching
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Between 1947 and 1952, thirty-two species and varieties of
natural enemies to fruit flies were introduced in Hawaii.
These parasites lay their eggs and emerge in the pupal stage.
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When the parasitoids F. arisanus or P. fletcheri were used, and
attacked both melon fly eggs and larvae at the same time,
suppression of development was as much as 56%
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Chemical Control.
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Insecticides such as malathion, dichlorvos, phosphamidon, and
endosulfan are moderately effective against the melon fly.
Application of either fenthion or carbaryl is helpful in reducing the
melon fly damage .
Application of carbofuran granules at the time of sowing, vining,
and flowering gave 83.35% protection to bitter gourd against B.
cucurbitae.
Diflubenzuron has also been reported to be effective in controlling
the melon fly .
Neem oil and neem cake have also been reported to be as
effective as dichlorvos.
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Host plant resistance.
Host plant resistance is an important component in
integrated pest management programs.
 It does not cause any adverse effects to the environment,
and no extra cost is incurred to the farmers.
 Unfortunately success in developing high yielding and fruit
fly-resistant varieties has been limited.
 There is a distinct possibility of transferring resistance genes
in the cultivated genotypes from relatives of cucurbits for
developing varieties resistant to melon fruit fly through wide
hybridization.
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Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Coccinellidae
Genus:
Epilachna
Species:
vigintioctopunctata
HADDA BEETLE
(Epilachna vigintiocto-punctate)
DISTRIBUTION
This species originated in the far east of Russia and has been expanding its range
in the second half of the 20th century and is now found over most of Russia,
north-east China, northern Korea and Japan. It is also found in Australia.
On 1 February 2010 it was reported that an entomologist had identified the
presence of Hadda beetles in the Auckland area of New Zealand.
Food Plant and Nature Of Damage
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Both larvae and adults are destructive. It is a serious
pest of brinjal, but have also liking for potato and
tomato. In general they are pests of cucurbitaceous
and solanaceous vegetable plants. The grubs and
adults scrap out and feed on the green tissues of the
leaves and skeletonize it, which ultimately dries up.
Marks of Identification
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Adult beetles are about 8 mm
in length and 5-6 mm in
breadth. The E.
vigintioctopunctata is deep
red coloured. The body is
hemispherical and smooth.
Adults are good fliers and
moves from plant to plant.
Life Cycle
Prevention andControl
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1. The beetles, larvae and eggs can be hand collected and
destroyed.
2. Spraying calcium arsonate and lime carbaryl (0.1%),
parathion (0.025%), malathion (0.1%), fenitrothion
(0.05%), DDT (0.1%), diazinon (0.02%) etc. is quite
effective in keeping the pest population under control.
3. Thorough irrigation of infested crop can minimize the
increase in pest population.