Transcript integrated pest management

Environmental Factors
THE EFFECTS PESTS AND
DISEASES HAVE ON PLANT
GROWTH?
QUESTIONS?
DISEASE AND INSECTS ON PLANTS
Pests can injure plants in many ways. The damages can result
in losses for the producers.
Damage caused by pests
consists of:
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Holes in the leaves
Damage to the vascular
tissue
Attack to the fruit
Contamination of the
plant
Loss of nutrients
Damage to the land
Death of the plant
How damage affects the
producer:
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Reduced yields
Lower quality
Increases production
costs
Provides hiding places
for other pests
Restricts marketing
IDENTIFYING THE AFFECTED
PLANT
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The first step in diagnosing a plant problem is identifying
the plant that is affected.
Identifying the plant helps narrow the list of possible
causes considerably.
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A species will often have the same problem repeatedly.
With this knowledge, one can diagnose the problem given
the plant name and symptoms.
DETERMINING THE CAUSE
OF THE PROBLEM
Once you identify the plant that is affected, then
you can determine the cause.
 Plant problems are caused by two conditions.
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Biological (Biotic)
 Environmental Conditions (Abiotic)
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Biological – Organisms that include insects,
rodents, and microorganisms, such as bacteria,
viruses, and fungi.
 Environmental Conditions – Include heat,
drought, cold, etc…
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IDENTIFYING THE AFFECTED
PLANT
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How can we determine if the problem is Biotic or
Abiotic in origin?
Examine the plant closely because they both
cause specific problems.
See if something is gained or something is
missing. – Look for evidence that helps
distinguish between the two.
Once the problem is discovered the necessary
treatments can be taken
BIOTIC – LIVING ORGANISMS
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Damage to plants by insects and related pests is almost
always from feeding in two ways:
Chewing
 Sucking
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Chewing – Pests such as larvae (caterpillars & grubs),
grasshoppers, boring insects, snails and beetles.
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These pests eat plant parts and become a major problem as
they mature
Easy to identify – insects may be present or holes are found in
leaves, stems and/or roots.
BIOTIC – LIVING ORGANISMS
If chewing pests are suspected, inspect the plant
to determine the insect causing the damage.
 Under the leaves, near buds and feeding site, as
well as the soil should be inspected.
 Many pests are not present during day, so
inspection should take place after dark.
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BIOTIC – LIVING ORGANISMS
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Sucking – Pests that feed on the sap by inserting their
mouthparts into the phloem or by feeding on sap from
wounds.
Pests such as aphids, scales, mites, whiteflies, thrips, etc…
Diagnosis is more difficult
Usually small and varies in damage
 Symptoms include puckering (cupping) or bleaching of the
leaves.
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DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF
THE PROBLEM
CHEWING
Caterpillar
 Grubs/Bores
 Leaf Miners
 Grasshoppers
 Beetles
 Snails/Slugs
 Earwigs
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SUCKING
Aphids
 Scale
 Whiteflies
 Mealybugs
 Mites
 Thrips
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BIOTIC- MICROORGANISMS
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Another organism that damages the plants are
microorganisms
Cause diseases that kill the foliage or rot the root
system.
Divided into three types;
Fungi
 Bacteria
 Viruses
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BIOTIC - MICROORGANISMS
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Fungi – single or multi-celled organism that lacks
chlorophyll
Rely on sources for food and energy
 Responsible for more plant diseases
 Easy treated
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Common Fungus diseases of plants
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Mildew
Wilt
Rot
Leaf spot
Rust
Canker
Smut
Blight
BIOTIC - MICROORGANISMS
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Bacteria – single celled organism, usually lack
chlorophyll, and grows in colonies
Spread by splashing water or contaminated tools
 Responsible for few plant diseases
 Difficult to treated
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Viruses – not alive and not referred as
microorganisms
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Spread among plants by pests and hum
Viruses:
Stunt
 Curly Top
 Mosaic
 Yellows
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ABIOTIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
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Frost Damage - differs according to age and
specie
Young tissue is more tender
 Woody plants are more resistant
 Symptom – overnight wilting (uppermost leaves
and buds)
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Winterkill – is the partial or total death due to
cold temperatures.
Complete winterkill both tops and roots die
 Manifest “burning” of evergreens – leaves turn
brown, causing the tree to be marred.
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ABIOTIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
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Drought – Occurs due to the lack of water
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Wilting is the main symptom
Drought-struck plants will revive unless leaves are
leathery and crisp
Many will regenerate from roots
Poor Drainage & Flooding – In which roots
remain in water (saturated soil)
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Plants die due to the lack of oxygen
Many will tolerate occasional flooding
ABIOTIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
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Lack of Soil Nutrients
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Will not kill plants, but stunt and bleach
Symptoms vary with each specie –required amount of
elements
80% of deficiencies are lack nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium. However, in Utah – potassium is readily
deficient, due to our soil type.
ABIOTIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
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Unavailability of Nutrients – pH –Plants that
are unable to absorb the essential elements due
to high or low pH.
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Iron and Manganese are the most effected by pH
UNAVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS – PH
ABIOTIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
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Excess Soil Salt – An excess of a nutrient
buildup in the soil
Wilting and browning will occur
 Similar to signs of drought
 Cured by leaching
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Heat Scorch- Due to reflection of sun-generated
heat from surfaces
Higher on south-facing walls
 Leaf margins and veins turn brown
 Tolerance varies among species
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ABIOTIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
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Soil Compaction – the compacting of soil due to
high traffic areas
Air space is compressed
 Air & water absorption is inhibited
 Slows plants grow – extreme cases plants may die
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ABIOTIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
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Improperly Applied Chemicals – Injure to
plants when chemicals are applied in excessive
amounts or to the wrong specie.
2, 4-D is the most frequent killer
 Spray drift can also cause distorting and curling of
the plant
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ABIOTIC – ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
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Grade Changes – Raising soil levels over roots
more than a few inches.
Water and oxygen are restricted
 Tree wells are necessary
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Air Pollution – Problem in few areas
Affects susceptible plants – cone bearing evergreens
 Damage occurs in many forms
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Browning or death of foliage
TREATING PLANT DISORDERS
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To restore a plant to its healthy state it depends on
the condition (Abiotic or biotic).
Abiotic – Correct the condition or find a plant that
will tolerate the situation
Biotic – Find plants that are not susceptible or keep
plants healthy or use an integrated pest management
approach.
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IPM (Integrated Pest Management)
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Identification (plant and pest)
Damage to plant (location)
Sanitation Control
Physical/Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
The basis of an IPM program is to predict the problem
and formulate a control plan.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
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The current, most widely accepted approach to
pest management is integrated pest management
(IPM).
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The goal is to reduce damage to a low level.
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Pests are recognized as a part of the crop ecosystem.
Below the economic threshold, above which injury
cannot be tolerated and controls must be used.
When this action threshold of damage is reached,
control measures are taken.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
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While difficult for a gardener to be familiar with
the life cycles of all the insects and diseases of
plants, he/she can use integrated pest
management to a limited extent:
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Decide whether it is due to an insect, disease, rodent,
nutritional deficiency, or other source.
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Determine whether the harm being done is sufficient
to justify control—set a level of tolerable damage.
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Treatment might not be justified at all.
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Use cultural/biological controls, if practical
&available.
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Apply a pesticide as a last resort, or if the only
available control.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
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Identification (plant & pest) - Before deciding to
take any control action, you must correctly
identify the plant infected and the pest causing
harm.
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Learn pest and host life cycle, anatomy, biology,
color, shape, mouthpart (chewing or sucking), and
size. Often, other stages of the life cycle are
susceptible to preventative actions.
Life cycle: The way the pest develop, grow and
change.
Complete Metamorphosis
 Incomplete Metamorphosis
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
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Complete Metamorphosis – Has four changes
of growth and development.
Egg
 Larvae
 Pupa
 Adult
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Knowing what to look for can help identify the
insect
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
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Incomplete Metamorphosis – Has three
stages of growth and development.
Egg
 Nymph
 Adult
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Damage (location) – To identify the location of
the damaged tissue can help narrow the pest.
 Damage parts:
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Leaves (top and bottom)
Roots
Stems
Buds
Fruit
This will help again indentify the pest as a
chewing, sucking or disease.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
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Sanitation – Involves removing diseased plant
material or harboring plant material.
Reduces the pest population
 Weeds and leaves should be removed
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Physical Control – Method that physically
prevents activity of pests and diseases.
 Pruning – A control technique to control
localized diseases – gall, wilt, canker, and blight
 Rouging – Removing diseased plants to stop
spreading.
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Valuable for annuals
 Controls only viruses and bacteria
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Crop Rotation – Planting a different specie in
an area each year
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Valuable control for soil-pathogens
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
PHYSICAL CONTROL – CONTINUED….
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Planting Resistant Species – One of the best
control methods
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Many plants have resistance to diseases
Plant Selection and Culture – Selection of
plants that are not generally affected by diseases, as
well as are adaptable to the climate (environment)
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Biological Control - Involves the use of
beneficial living organisms to control pests
(Microbial, parasitic, or predators organisms).
 Advantages:
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Considered environmentally safe – no use of
chemicals
Does not create new pest problems
Pest cannot develop resistance
Disadvantages:
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Very narrow host range
Process is slow
Does not eradicate pest
Expensive and requires supervision
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
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Chemical Control - methods involve the use of
chemicals such as poisons, growth regulators,
sterilants, and attractants and repellants to control
pests.
Used when all other factors are useless
 Should be specific to the pest
 Used when outbreaks are severe
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Chemical controls:
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Insecticides
Miticides
Fungicide
Bactericide
Herbicide
Pesticides
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
CHEMICAL CONTROL, CONTINUED…
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There are various chemical control methods.
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Sprays – kill on contact or are absorbed
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Soil Drenches – Contact or systemic underground
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Systemic – absorbed in the plant and kill pest that
feed on the plant
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Baits – Stomach poisons
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Repellants – products applied to plant to repel insect.
CHOOSING CHEMICAL CONTROLS
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Select chemicals that will control pests satisfactorily.
As nontoxic as possible to people & beneficial organisms.
CHOOSING CHEMICAL CONTROL
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Table 7-4 lists the LD50 of many common
insecticides, fungicides, and bactericides.
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The “lethal dose killing 50% of a population.”
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Expressed in milligrams per kilogram of total body weight.
Pesticides with different modes of action should
be rotated to avoid resistance.
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The mode of action is the way it kills the pest.
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Rotating between insecticides with different modes
of action, resistance development is slowed & better
pest management results are obtained.
SAFE USE OF CHEMICAL
CONTROLS
 Rules
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to observe:
Use chemical only when needed.
Select the least toxic
Read the label carefully
Wear protective clothing when mixing and applying chemicals
Apply when weather is good (not to hot or windy)
Apply the amount specified
Apply complete coverage
Use good conditioned and appropriate equipment
Dispose of chemical properly
Label holding tank and treated crops with the name of the
chemical used.
SAFE USE OF
CHEMICAL CONTROLS