Transcript Thermodynamics Powerpoint

IDEAL GAS LAW (EQUATION OF STATE)
p  RT

AIR PARCEL
•Hypothetical
•No mixing of external
air with air inside of
parcel
•Large-scale atmosphere
often behaves as
parcels
Fig. 4-6, p. 89
Fig. 2-1, p. 29
ICE
LIQUID WATER
(note higher density)
3.3 x 105 J/kg
2.5 x 106 J/kg
Latent heat (L) of water phase changes
Fig. 2-3, p. 31
e = vapor pressure
es = saturation
vapor pressure
es = es(T)
es water = es ice
es = es(T)
supercooled
water
Fig. 4-10, p. 91
Saturation Vapor Pressure
and Temperature
es = 12.3 mb; T = 10°C
es = 23.4 mb; T = 20°C
es = 42.4 mb; T = 30°C
Air does not “hold” water
All gases co-exist in the same volume
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Fig. 4-5, p. 88
WRONG!
2 (13%)
14 (87%)
63 (75%)
21 (25%)
Fig. 11-2, p. 287
Mean Evaporation (cm)
Mean Evaporation (cm)
Charlottesville Climatic Water Budget
PE = Potential Evapotranspiration
millimeters
P = Precipitation
P
PE
Surplus
PE
Deficit
P
Fig. 4-7, p. 89
Fig. 4-8, p. 89
Fig. 4-12, p. 93
Fig. 4-15, p. 96
Fig. 4-13a, p. 94
Fig. 4-13b, p. 94
Fig. 4-4, p. 87
Isobars-- Lines of equal pressure. They run horizontally from left to right and are
labeled on the left side of the diagram. Pressure is given in increments of 100 mb
and ranges from 1050 to 100 mb. Notice the spacing between isobars increases in
the vertical (thus the name Log P).
Isotherms- Lines of equal temperature. They run from the southwest to the
northeast (thus the name skew) across the diagram and are SOLID. Increment are
given for every 10 degrees in units of Celsius. They are labeled at the bottom of the
diagram.
Environmental sounding-- Same as the actual measured temperatures in the
atmosphere. This is the jagged line running from bottom to top on the diagram. This
line is always to the right of the dew point plot.
Dewpoint plot- This is the jagged line running from bottom to top. It is the vertical
plot of dew point temperature. This line is always to the left of the environmental
sounding.
Dry adiabatic lapse rate- Rate of cooling (9.8 degrees Celsius per kilometer) of a
rising unsaturated parcel of air. These lines slope from the bottom right to the top left
and are SOLID. Lines gradually arc to the top with height.
Moist adiabatic lapse rate-- Rate of cooling (depends on moisture content of air)
of a rising saturated parcel of air. These lines slope from the bottom toward the top
left. The MALR increases with height since saturated cold air has less moisture
content than saturated warm air.
Saturation mixing ratio lines- Lines of equal mixing ratio (mass of water vapor
divided by mass of dry air -- grams per kilogram) These lines run from the bottom
left to the top right and are DASHED. They are labeled on the bottom of the diagram.
Wind barbs- Wind speed (knots) and direction at various pressure levels. Plotted on
the right of the diagram.
Fig. 7-1, p. 164
Fig. 7-2, p. 165
Fig. 7-3, p. 165
Fig. 4-10, p. 91
Fig. 7-8, p. 170
Fig. 7-7, p. 169
Fig. 7-9, p. 170
Fig. 2, p. 115
Fig. 6-29a, p. 159
Fig. 6-29b, p. 159
Fig. 6-29, p. 159
Fig. 6-15a, p. 149
Fig. 6-15b, p. 149
Fig. 6-15c, p. 149
Fig. 6-15d, p. 149
Fig. 6-15, p. 149
Fig. 6-16, p. 150
Fig. 6-18, p. 151
Fig. 6-19, p. 151
Table 5-2, p. 119
Fig. 5-23, p. 127