Transcript Chapter 25 : climate

Notes Points
Name _____________________________________ Period ________
Chapter 25 Notes
Points
Earned
Points
Possible
Highlight Key Words/Phrases
2
Copy Notes: pictures + color + label
20
Questions: 20 questions + arrows
10
Summary: 2 paragraph(s)
10
Drawings: 2 drawing(s)
4
TOTAL
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
46
Chapter 25 Standards
6a. Students know weather (in the short run)
and climate (in the long run) involve the
transfer of energy into and out of the
atmosphere.
6b. Students know the effects on climate of
latitude, elevation, topography, and
proximity to large bodies of water and cold
or warm ocean currents.
5e. Students know rain forests and deserts on
Earth are distributed in bands at specific
latitudes.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
A. Weather vs. Climate
1. Weather are conditions such as temperature,
humidity, wind and precipitation that vary within a day
and from day to day (short term or short run).
a. Involves transfer of energy into and out of the
atmosphere (latent heat).
2. Climate is weather conditions that are averaged over
a long period of time (long term or long run).
a. Involves transfer of energy into and out of the
atmosphere (latent heat).
b. Described by mainly using average temperature
and average precipitation.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
B. Temperature and Precipitation
1. Temperature is measured
daily.
a. To describe climate,
scientists use the yearly
temperature range which is
the difference between the
highest and lowest monthly
temperature averages.
2. Precipitation is any form of
water that falls to Earth’s
surface from clouds (rain,
snow, sleet and hail).
a. To describe climate,
scientists use the monthly
and yearly averages as well
as the range.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
C. There are five factors that affect climate.
1. Latitude
2. Ocean Currents
3. Topography
4. Elevation
5. Proximity to Large Bodies of Water
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
D. Climate and Latitude
1. Latitude is the measurable distance from the
equator.
2. The further away from the warm equator, the
climate gets colder and colder.
3. Latitude determines the amount of solar energy
received by a region.
4. The amount of solar energy that a location
receives depends on two factors:
a. the angle at which the rays of the sun strike
the earth
b. the number of hours of daylight the location
receives (the longer the sun shines in an area,
the warmer it will be!)
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
5. The Earth’s tilt also affects the amount of solar
energy that a location receives.
a. The earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5 °
angle so different latitudes on earth
receive different amounts of solar energy.
i. At the equator, the sun’s rays always strike the
earth at nearly 90° for much of the year.
ii. At the temperate zones, the sun’s rays strike at
about 60°.
iii. At the polar zones, sun’s rays strike at about 30°.
b. These different angles results in uneven heating of
the earth.
c. It also results in the four seasons.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
(Color and label the picture.)
POLAR
ZONE
66.5°
COLD
TEMPERATE ZONE
WARM
23.5°
Tropic of
Cancer
HOT
TROPICS
0° Equator
23.5°
TEMPERATE ZONE
POLAR ZONE
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Tropic of
Capricorn
66.5°
6. Solar energy determines the
wind patterns of an area.
a. This affects climate because
winds can move solar energy
from one place to another so
temperature can either
increase or decrease.
b. Winds also affect the amount
of precipitation an area gets.
c. Winds can carry water vapor
away from the oceans cause
that water vapor to fall as
precipitation somewhere far
away from oceans.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
E. Climate and Ocean Currents
1. The water in the ocean moves in giant, horizontal
streams called currents.
2. Surface currents can carry warm or cool water to
different locations.
3. The surface temperature of the currents affects
the temperature of the air above it and as a result,
the climate.
a. Warm currents heat the surrounding air and
cause warmer air temperatures.
b. Cool currents absorb energy from the
surrounding air and cause cooler temperatures.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
F. Climate and Topography
1. Climate can vary due to topography
which are features on the surface of
the land such as mountains and valleys.
2. Rain shadow is an effect caused by a mountain.
a. When an air mass comes across a mountain
range, the air mass rises, cools, and loses most
of its moisture in the form of precipitation.
i. This is the windward side of a mountain and
the climate on this side is usually wet and
cool.
b. When that air mass flows down or sinks on the
other side, it has already lost its moisture.
i. This is the leeward side of a mountain and the
climate on this side is usually dry and warm.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
(Color and label the picture.)
Windward Side
(Wet)
(Climate is wet
and cool.)
As air rises, it
cools and releases
moisture
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Leeward Side
(Dry)
(Climate is dry
and warm.)
As air sinks, it
compresses and
warms
G. Climate and Elevation
1. Temperatures generally decrease with increasing
elevation.
2. The higher up a mountain you go, the cooler the
temperature.
3. Even along the equator, the peaks of high
mountains can be cold enough to be covered
with snow.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
H. Climate and Proximity to Large Bodies of Water
1. Proximity means how close you are to something so
being close to large bodies of water can influence an
area’s climate due to the high specific heat nature of
water.
a. Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to
change the temperature of 1 g of a substance (land
or water) by 1ºC.
b. A given mass of water requires more heat than does
the same mass of land to increase both their
temperatures to the same degrees which is why
water has a higher specific heat.
2. Land and water both absorb and release heat at
different rates.
a. Land heats up and cools down quickly. It also
increases to a higher temperature than water.
b. Water heats up and cools down slowly.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
3. Many coastal regions are warmer in the winter and cooler in the
summer than inland areas of similar latitude.
a. During the summer, land heats more quickly than the ocean
does, thus wind moves towards the land (high pressure to low
pressure).
b. During the winter, the land loses heat more quickly than the
ocean and the cool air flows away from the land, thus the wind
moves seaward.
c. In other words, the closer you are to a large body of water, the
temperature ranges are smaller (regulated) than land.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
 Write 10 questions for this section.
 Highlight key words and phrases.
 Draw a picture.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Summary (one paragraph) – Page 4
Weather is ______________________________
whereas climate is ________________________.
Precipitation is _______________________. The
five factors that affect climate are ____________,
____________, ____________, ____________,
and ____________. Rain shadow is __________
________________________________.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
A. Climate Zones
1. Each zone has distinct temperature
characteristics with several types of climates
due to amount of precipitation in each zone.
2. Earth has three major climate zones:
a. Tropical Climate Zone
b. Middle-Latitude (Temperate) Climate Zone
c. Polar (Arctic) Climate Zone
(Color and label
the picture.)
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
B. Tropical Climate Zone
1. Tropical climates are characterized by high
temperatures and located at the equatorial
region.
2. Three types of tropical climates:
a. Tropical rain-forest climate
i. 5°N & S – 10°N & S latitude
ii. Warm, humid regions covered with dense,
rain-forest vegetation.
iii. Warm and moist air rises to produce an annual
rainfall that is usually greater than 250 cm.
iv. South America, Central America, and
Southeast Asia have tropical rain forest
climates
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
b. Savanna climate
i. 10°N & S – 20°N & S latitude
ii. Very wet summers and very dry winters
with open areas of coarse grasses that
grow in clumps.
iii. Occurs in areas located between the
tropical rain forest climate and the tropical
desert climate.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
c. Tropical desert climate
i. 20°N & S – 30°N & S latitude
ii. Warm, dry weather conditions with very little
or no vegetation.
iii. The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of
Capricorn (the limit to which the sun
advances on the summer and winter
solstices) both fall within this zone and
includes some of Earth’s driest deserts.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
C. Middle-Latitude (Temperate) Climate Zone
1. Middle-latitude climates are characterized by
temperatures that are no warmer than 18°C in the
warmest month and no cooler than 10°C (50°F) in the
coldest month.
2. Five types of middle-latitude climates:
a. Marine west coast climates
i. Cool, moist polar air.
ii. Relatively cool in the summer and relatively mild in
the winter.
iii. Coasts of Oregon, Washington, and N. Cal receive
a great deal of moisture.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
b. Steppe climates
i. Dry climates.
ii. Little precipitation, cold winter season, and
summer season that ranges from warm to
very hot.
iii. Much of land in western US other than the
coasts and the mountains.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
c. Humid continental climate
i. Has both cold, dry continental polar air
masses and warm, moist tropical air
masses.
ii. Summers are warm and humid and winters
are cold.
iii. East Coast in North America and Asia
d. Humid subtropical climate
i. Warm, humid weather, heavy rains, and
occasional hurricanes.
ii. Southeastern regions of continents
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
e. Mediterranean climate
i. Dry summers and wet winters. Climate is like
that of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
ii. Regions along central and southern
California coast.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
D. Polar Climate Zone
1. Polar Climates are characterized by an average
monthly temperature no higher than 10°C.
2. Three types of polar climates.
a. Subarctic climate
i. Dry continental polar air masses control this
climate.
ii. Yearly precipitation is only 25 cm to 50 cm.
iii. Winters are severe, summers are short.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
b. Tundra climate
i. This climate is named for the vegetation
common to the region, the tundra.
ii. Tundra has no trees, but the ground is covered
with mosses, lichens, and small flowering plants.
iii. About 25 cm of precipitation each year, most in
the form of snow.
iv. Very cold, very dry air.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
c. Polar icecaps
i. Land surface and ocean are covered in
thick sheets of ice year round.
ii. The average temperature never rises
above freezing.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
E. Local Climates (Microclimates)
1. Sometimes the climate of a small area can be
much different from that of the larger area
surrounding it.
2. A localized climate that differs from the main
regional climate is called a microclimate.
3. Influenced by:
a. density of vegetation
b. elevation
c. proximity to large bodies of water
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
 Write 10 questions for this section.
 You should have a total of 20 questions.
 Highlight key words and phrases.
 Draw a picture.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Summary (one paragraph) – Page 6
The three major climate zones are ____________,
____________, and ____________. Tropical
climate zones are characterized by ____________
_________________________. Middle-latitude
climate zones are characterized by ____________
_________________________. Polar climate
zones are characterized by ___________________
_________________________. A microclimate is
_________________________.
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
Notes Points
Name _____________________________________ Period ________
Chapter 25 Notes
Points
Earned
Points
Possible
Highlight Key Words/Phrases
2
Copy Notes: pictures + color + label
20
Questions: 20 questions + arrows
10
Summary: 2 paragraph(s)
10
Drawings: 2 drawing(s)
4
TOTAL
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
46