Transcript Hurricanes - Bowie Junior High School

Unit 8:
Climatic Interactions
Warm Up
 How was your Christmas break?
 Write “No School” on Monday
Seating Change
 Look for your name and move to your new seat
Concentration of Sun and Earth Lab
 With your table group your will be designing your own lab to answer the question
 Why do our oceans have different temperatures?
 You will have
 1 Balloon
 1 Clamp Light
 1 Light Bulb (careful will get hot, DON’T TOUCH)
 2 Thermometers
 1 Roll of Tape
 I must see your steps before you receive materials
 Must be completed today and handout must be turned in
So for the next couple of day….
 You will be learning how the Sun provides the energy
that drives all of the Earth’s atmospheric movement
and ocean currents resulting in weather and climate.
Warm Up
Hurricane Simulation
 The Sun and oceans play a role in the formation of
weather systems such as hurricanes.
 Think about this statement as you complete your
investigation.
Hurricane Simulation
Fill a soda bottle to the top with tap water.
1.
Mark on your bottle where the “fill line” is
1.
You will be timing and writing down (in your science notebooks) the
exact amount of time that it takes for the bottle to empty. Turn the
bottle upside down to empty it, without squeezing the bottle's size.
2.
Repeat again
1.
Fill the bottle again, but swirl the bottle by rotating it
counterclockwise. Keep swirling the bottle until it forms a tornadolike rotation within the bottle while the water is pouring out of the
container.
3.
1.
2.
4.
Time and write down the amount of time it takes to empty the bottle of
the swirling water.
Repeat again
Don’t forget safety: BE CAREFUL
Hurricane Simulation
Amount
Time
of
Not
Water
Swirling
Time
Swirling
Trial 1
X
Trial 2
X
Trial 3
X
Trial 4
X
Observations
Hurricane Simulation
Title your next blank page Hurricane Notes
2. Copy what is in the red
1.
What is a hurricane?
 Hurricanes are tropical cyclones.
 They form in the southern Atlantic Ocean,
Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern
Pacific Ocean.
 Their winds spiral outward in a
counterclockwise, circulation pattern.
What conditions must exist for a hurricane to form?
 Low to medium winds blowing in the same direction
 5–30 degrees north of the equator in the ocean
 Ocean surface temperature of greater than 80 F that
extends down to about 150 feet deep (50 m)
 Lower atmosphere must be moist
How do hurricanes form?
 The air mass above the tropical waters takes on the
temperature and humidity of the water beneath it.
 Incoming winds force the air upward.
 The warm, moist air rises, forming water vapor and
clouds.
 Above the storm, the winds flow outward.
 Outside winds blow inward, and the cycle repeats.
How do hurricanes move?
 Hurricanes turn to the
right, away from the
equator, because of the
Coriolis Effect caused by
Earth’s rotation.
 You will learn about this
phenomenon later in the
lesson.
Where does the energy for a hurricane originate?
 The Sun heats the
oceans.
 Warm air rises, and as it
cools, it releases energy,
fueling the hurricane.
Why don’t hurricanes form in
higher latitudes?
 The temperature
of the oceans is
not warm
enough.
 The distance is
too far from the
equator.
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Simulation
 Think back to your lab:
 In your science notebooks, record what the following parts of the
model represent:
 Bottle:
 The bottle represents the atmosphere.
 Swirling the Bottle:
 Swirling the bottle creates the formation of the vortex of the
hurricane.
 Swirling Water:
 Swirling water represents how air circulates to form a hurricane.
 Rotating the Bottle Counterclockwise:
 The counterclockwise motion represents the rotation of the Earth
and wind deflection in the Northern Hemisphere because of the
Coriolis effect.
Video
 http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search
 Engineering Nature: Engineering Hurricanes
Warm Up
Air Masses and Humidity
 What is the object?
 Psychrometer
 What is its purpose?
 It is used to measure relative humidity.
 How does it work?
 One thermometer bulb is kept dry, while
the other is covered in a damp cloth. The
instrument is waved through the air. The
temperatures are taken, and the difference
between the two is calculated. The
difference is matched to the dry bulb
reading on a relative humidity table to
determine the relative humidity.
 We are going to make a psychrometer
to measure the relative humidity of
the air.
Air Masses and Humidity
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Materials:
Celsius thermometers (2)
2 cotton balls
water
small fan
timer
Procedure:
1. Create a data table, and record the initial temperature of the two thermometers.
2. Wet a cotton ball, squeeze out excess water, and place it over the bulb of one of the thermometers.
3. Place the thermometer bulbs an equal distance from the fan.
4. Turn the fan on high for three minutes.
5. Record, in the data table, the temperatures of the thermometers after three minutes.
6. To determine the relative humidity, subtract the dry bulb reading from the wet bulb reading. Find
the temperature difference in the row with bold type and in a shaded box. Place a finger on that
number.
 7. Next, look at the column, where the dry bulb readings are listed. Find the correct dry bulb
temperature. Place a finger from the other hand on that number.
 8. Bring one finger down and the other finger across, until they’re both in the same box. This white
box will give you the percent of relative humidity. Record the relative humidity on the data table.
Air Masses and Humidity
Title your next blank page Humidity Lab
Initial Temperature
of Dry
Thermometer
Trial
1
Trial
2
Trial
3
Initial Temperature
of Wet
Thermometer
After 3 Minutes
Temperature of Dry
Thermometer
After 3 Minutes
Temperature of
Wet Thermometer
Relative
Humidity
Air Masses and Humidity
 http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID
=27641&CategoryID=2665
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIIl-fL2Jk4
Video
 http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search
 Engineering Nature: Engineering Hurricanes
Warm Up
Air Masses and Humidity
 Complete the card sort with your table group
Air Masses
 Open Humidity Lab and Air Mass Notes
 You will copy what is in purple
 Air masses tend to form in areas with
little wind.
 Remember, they sit over an area for a long
period of time without moving.
Where do air masses form?
 Air masses that form over water are
called maritime.
 Air masses that form over land are
called continental.
Labeling Air Masses
 mT – maritime tropical
 cT – continental tropical
 mP – maritime polar
 cP – continental polar
 cA – continental arctic
Classification of Air Masses
 T = tropical
 C = continental
 m = maritime
 P = polar
 A=artic
Classification of Air Masses
Location of Air Masses
 mT – warm, moist air
 cT – warm, dry air
 mP – cold, moist air
 cP – cold, dry air
 cA – super cold, dry air
Characteristics of Air
Masses
Cold, Warm, and Stationary Fronts
 http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_a
rt/weather_fronts/
Convection!
How do air masses move?
 Warm air rises, and cold air moves
in to replace it.
 A circulation pattern is formed.
 Causes air and water currents to
form
Convection
Density!
 Warm air rises.
 Cool air sinks.
How does convection
work?
So…..
 Air masses take on the characteristics of the land and water
beneath them.
 How do air masses form?
 They take on the characteristics of the land or water beneath
them.
 What characteristics do you think the following air masses
would have?
 Continental (land)/Tropical:
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Dry/warm
 Continental (land)/Polar:
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Dry/cold
 Maritime (water)/Tropical:
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Moist/warm
 Maritime (water)/Polar:

Moist/cold
Due at the end of class
 Complete the Air Mass Map paper
 Move I over South America
 Move C over Europe
 Move D over Africa
 Move E over Russia
 It is due at the end of class for a grade
 You will be working with your shoulder partner, find a
computer and visit these two sites.
With your shoulder partner, visit
these two sites.
Check your history
 http://www.phschoo
l.com/atschool/phsc
iexp/active_art/weat
her_fronts/
http://www.edheads.org/ac
tivities/weather/index.sht
ml
Warm Up
Can Crusher
 Open Can Crusher Lab
 You are making an iMovie about your lab.
 This is a Test Grade
 This is due today
Can Crusher
 Safety:
 Exercise caution with hot plates, water, and electricity. Keep hair and clothing away from
heat source. Take care not to spill water. Wipe up any spills immediately. Report any
accidents to the teacher immediately. NO HORSEPLAY
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Procedures:
1. Add ice cold water to a bowl or tub.
2. Measure 15 mL of water.
3. Pour the water into the soda can.
4. Place the can on the hot plate.
5. Turn on the hot plate, according to teacher instructions
6. When you hear the water begin to boil, you will see water vapor coming from the can.
7. Continue to heat for another minute.
8. Turn off the hot plate.
9. Call Me Over!!!!!!!!!!!!!
 With your palm up, use the tongs to lift the can off of the hot plate.
 10. Quickly flip the can over, and plunge it into the bowl of cold water.
 11. Record observations in your notebooks.
Can Crusher
 Data/Observations:
 Analysis of Results:
 Why did the can behave in the manner observed?
 The liquid inside the can changed to a gas. The water vapor pushed the air
in the can outward. When the can was plunged into the cold water, the
gaseous water vapor condensed changing back into a liquid. The liquid
does not take up as much space as the gas, so the pressure is lower. The
pressure outside of the can was higher. In an effort to achieve a natural
balance of air pressure inside and outside of the can, the can crushed.
 Conclusion:
 How does a change in temperature affect air pressure?
 Warm air causes lower pressure, and colder air causes higher pressure.
This is due to convection, warm air will rise, and cold air will sink.
Warm
Up
 Think back to yesterday’s lab:
 Why did the can behave in the manner observed?
 The liquid inside the can changed to a gas. The water
vapor pushed the air in the can outward. When the can
was plunged into the cold water, the gaseous water
vapor condensed changing back into a liquid. The liquid
does not take up as much space as the gas, so the
pressure is lower. The pressure outside of the can was
higher. In an effort to achieve a natural balance of air
pressure inside and outside of the can, the can crushed.
 How does a change in temperature affect air pressure?
 Warm air causes lower pressure and colder air causes
higher pressure. This is due to differences in density. Due
to convection, warm air will rise, and cold air will sink.
Convection Box Demo
Convection Box Demo
 How do convection currents in the atmosphere affect
weather?
 How is wind produced?
Winds
Open Winds and
Coriolis Effect
What is wind?
 The movement of air in a horizontal
direction
What causes wind?
 Wind = The uneven heating of the Earth
causes differences in air pressure.
Why does this happen?
 The Sun’s energy is more concentrated at the
Equator and spread out more over the poles.
 Air over the equator is warm and less dense and
has lower pressure.
 Air over the poles is cold and denser and has
higher pressure.
Why does this happen?
 As warm air at the
equator rises, cooler
air from the poles
will move in and
replace it.
 Air pressure moves
in a pattern from
high to low.
Convection
 As warm air at the equator rises, cooler
air from the poles will move in and
replace it.
Global Convection Currents
 The density changes caused by temperature
changes create convection cells.
 These cause circular patterns of air that circulate over
the whole planet.
Global Wind Belts
 Where the convections cells meet, prevailing winds and
jet streams form.
 They blow from one direction over a certain area of the
Earth’s surface.
Jet Stream
Jet Stream
 Jet Stream: Forms high in the upper
Troposphere between two air masses of
different temperatures
 Higher temperature difference = faster speed
 Due to the Coriolis Effect, it flows around air
masses.
 Polar Jet:
 It dips southward when frigid polar air masses
move south.
 It tends to stay north in the summer months.
Jet Stream Animation
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vanished/jetstr_five
.html
Prevailing Winds
 Named for the direction from which they blow:
 Polar Easterlies – High latitudes blow east to west
toward the equator
 Westerlies – Mid latitudes blow west to east toward
the poles
 Easterlies (Trade Winds) – Low latitudes blow east
to west toward the Equator
Prevailing Winds
Prevailing Winds
 Pressure belts form in between the wind
belts.
More
Direct
Sun
Hot
90 o N
60 o N
30 o N
0 o Equator
30 o S
60 o S
90 o S
Global Wind Belts
 The winds from the poles blow toward the equator.
 The winds from the equator blow toward the
poles.
If wind is moving north and south,
…
…then why is it defined as the horizontal
movement of air?
Does the Earth stand still?
The Coriolis Effect
 As the Earth rotates counterclockwise, the winds
bend and curve around the Earth.
 Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis, an engineer and
mathematician, described this effect as an inertial
force in 1835.
The Coriolis Effect
 In the Northern Hemisphere, winds
bend to the right of their direction of
travel.
 In the Southern Hemisphere, winds
bend to the left of their direction of
travel.
 Let’s try a little investigation to see how
this works.
Coriolis Effect
 Complete page 2 The Coriolis Effect
Warm Up
The Coriolis Effect
 Weather patterns and systems move
in a circular motion due to the
bending of the winds caused by the
Earth’s rotation.
Equilibrium
 Our Earth is always seeking balance.
 In an effort to find balance, there is a
continuous cycle of patterns.
 What is the driving force behind the
changes that create these patterns?
Convection, Ocean
Currents, and the
Coriolis Effect
How do convection
currents in the ocean
affect weather?
 Title your next blank page Ocean Currents Lab and
copy this chart. 5 minutes per stations
Convection
in Water
1)
2)
3)
4)
Gyres
Ocean
Currents
Part 1
Ocean
Currents
Part 2
1)
Data:
Conclusion:
1)
2)
Data:
Analysis:
Conclusion
Convection, Ocean Currents,
and the Coriolis Effect
 Title your next blank page Ocean Currents Notes
 Copy what is in Blue
Ocean Currents
Ocean Currents
Warm currents flow away from the
equator.
Cold currents flow toward the
equator.
Equator
Factors Influencing Currents
Sun
Wind
Coriolis
Gravity
Sun
 Energy from the Sun heats the water.
 Warm water is less dense that cold
water.
 Warm water rises, and cold water sinks.
 As warm water rises, cold water moves it
to replace it.
Convection Cycle
Wind
 Just as wind moves from high pressure to
low pressure areas, so does the water.
 Winds blow across the surface of the
water, causing friction.
 The water piles up because the surface
currents flow slower than the winds.
Wind
Gravity
 As water piles up and flows from high
pressure to low pressure, gravity will
pull down on the water.
 This forms vertical columns or mounds of
water.
 The Coriolis Effect causes the water to
curve.
The Coriolis Effect
 Causes water to move to the right
in the Northern Hemisphere
 Causes water to move to the left in
the Southern Hemisphere
The Coriolis Effect
Surface Currents
 Make up 10% of oceans’
water
 Up to maximum depth
of 400 m
 Surface ocean currents
are caused by the
surface wind patterns.
Surface Currents
Gyres
 Gyres: Vertical columns or mounds of water at
the surface
 Produce enormous circular currents
 Five major locations:
 North Pacific - clockwise
 South Pacific - counterclockwise
 Indian Ocean - counterclockwise
 South Atlantic - counterclockwise
 North Atlantic - clockwise
Oceanic Gyres
 A strong surface current
 Begins at the tip of Florida
 Flows up the eastern
coastline of the U.S.
 Crosses the Atlantic Ocean
 Causes warmer climate in
NW Europe
Gulf Stream
Upwelling
 Upwelling: Surface waters blow to
the right of the wind. As less dense,
surface water moves off shore, cold,
deep, denser waters come to the
surface to replace them.
Upwelling
The Great Ocean Conveyor:
Helps maintain Earth’s Balance
 Deep Water Currents: Make up about 90% of oceans’ water
 Differences in density cause them to move.
 Differences in density are related to temperature and salinity.
 At high latitudes, they sink deep into the ocean basins.
 Temperatures are so cold, they cause the density to increase.
Video
 Discovery Education
 Whirlpool
 You Tube
 Japan Earthquake Whirlpool During Tsunami
Warm Up
Notes
 Open Climatic Interaction Notes
 Copy what is in blue
Ocean Currents
Factors Influencing Currents
Sun
Wind
Coriolis
Gravity
Convection Cycle
Wind
 Just as wind moves from high pressure to
low pressure areas, so does the water.
 Winds blow across the surface of the
water, causing friction.
 The water piles up because the surface
currents flow slower than the winds.
Gravity
 As water piles up and flows from high
pressure to low pressure, gravity will
pull down on the water.
 This forms vertical columns or mounds of
water.
 The Coriolis Effect causes the water to
curve.
Surface Currents
 Make up 10% of oceans’
water
 Up to maximum depth
of 400 m
 Surface ocean currents
are caused by the
surface wind patterns.
Surface Currents
Gyres
 Gyres: Vertical columns or mounds of water at
the surface
 Produce enormous circular currents
 Five major locations:
 North Pacific - clockwise
 South Pacific - counterclockwise
 Indian Ocean - counterclockwise
 South Atlantic - counterclockwise
 North Atlantic - clockwise
Oceanic Gyres
 A strong surface current
 Begins at the tip of Florida
 Flows up the eastern
coastline of the U.S.
 Crosses the Atlantic Ocean
 Causes warmer climate in
NW Europe
Gulf Stream
Upwelling
 Upwelling: Surface waters blow to
the right of the wind. As less dense,
surface water moves off shore, cold,
deep, denser waters come to the
surface to replace them.
Upwelling
Up Welling Lab
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XV90dy0ns1U
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APMzM-xYlOs
The Great Ocean Conveyor:
Helps maintain Earth’s Balance
 Deep Water Currents: Make up about 90% of oceans’ water
 Differences in density cause them to move.
 Differences in density are related to temperature and salinity.
 At high latitudes, they sink deep into the ocean basins.
 Temperatures are so cold, they cause the density to increase.
Video
 Discovery Education
 Whirlpool
 You Tube
 Japan Earthquake Whirlpool During Tsunami
El Nino
El Nino: Abnormally high surface ocean
temperatures off the coast of South
America
Causes unusual weather patterns across
the globe
El Nino
 Starts because the easterly trade winds
weaken and allow the warm waters in the
Western Pacific to move east toward South
America
 This changes where the convection current
occurs.
 Causing rain where it usually doesn't
occur and drought where it usually rains
El Nino Winter
El Nino Summer
La Nina
Abnormally low surface ocean temperatures
off the coast of South America
Causes unusual weather patterns across
the globe
Ocean’s Effect on Climate
 Ocean currents move more slowly than winds.
 Oceans hold more heat than the atmosphere
and land.
 Cold currents will cause nearby coastlines to be
cooler.
 Warm currents will cause nearby coastlines to be
warmer.
Where do the cold currents come from?
The warm currents?
Predictable Patterns
How do these currents affect the climate of the
coastline?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FVZrw7bk1w
 El Nino and La Nina from United Streaming
Homework
 Due Tomorrow
Warm Up
Booklet
 Due Tuesday 1/21
 Listen to instructions