Transcript Science Review 5th grade

FSA Science Review
Semester 2
5th grade
By Jane Besuden
Using: Science A Closer
Look
Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
Weather and Space
Layers of the atmosphere
Thermosphere
120km
Weather
…
condition of the troposphere at any
given time or place
 Almost all weather occurs in troposphere
Air Pressure
…
the force put on a given area by the
weight of the air above it
 What




changes affect air pressure?
Volume
Temperature
Height above Earth’s surface
Amount of water vapor
Global Winds
…
blows steady over long distances in a
predictable pattern



Polar Easterlies
Prevailing Westerlies
Trade Winds
Measure Air Pressure and Wind
 Barometer

atmospheric pressure
 Anemometer

Wind speed
 Weather

vane
Direction of wind
Clouds and Precipitation
 Cirrus


Wispy
High altitude
 Cumulus


Puffy
Middle altitude
 Stratus


Blanket like
Low altitude
Air Mass
…
large region of air with similar
temperature and humidity
 Front-when
air mass
one air mass meets a different
Severe Storms
Thunderstorm
…
rainstorm including thunder and
lightening
 Occur when warm air rises, carrying
moisture
 Updraft-upward
movement of air
 Downdraft-sudden downward movement
of cool or cold air
Winter Storms

Often form in US when a continental polar air
mass from Canada moves south and meets a
maritime tropical air mass moving north from
the Gulf of Mexico

Blizzard-snowstorm with 35 mph winds and
enough snowfall to see up to ¼ mile; snow
falls light and flaky with wind moving it around
Ice storm-storm in which freezing rain forms a
layer of ice on outside surfaces

Tornados







Rotating funnel shaped cloud with wind
speeds up to 500 kph (300mph)
Funnel clouds form when air starts rotating
Funnel clouds become a tornado when it
touches the ground
Narrow path of destruction vs. hurricane
Dangers: powerful winds and flying objects
Sounds like a train when it approaches
Start over land (water spouts start over water)
Hurricane






Forms when a thunderstorm turns into a
tropical storm, then into a hurricane when
winds reach 119kph (74mph) with a clear
center
Center is called the Eye
Hurricanes can cover up to 2,000km (1,200
miles)-multiple states
Path of destruction is very large vs. tornado
Dangers: flying objects, strong winds, and
flooding
Start over water
Tracking Storms
 Doppler
 Weather
 Airplane
radar
balloons
Climate
 The
average weather of a place
What affects climate?

Distance from water


Ocean currents


Affect precipitation patterns
Winds


Temperature of current affects nearby land
Mountain ranges


Inland cities are generally warmer
As water vapor evaporates from warm ocean
currents around the equator, winds carry the
water vapor away from the equator to cooler
regions
Altitude

Higher above sea level, the cooler the climate
El Nino
 Occurs
every 2 to 7 years
 Cold current sinks and stops pushing cold
water up to the surface causing the El
Nino weather pattern
The Universe
Gravity and Inertia

Gravity-force of attraction, push or pull,
between two objects


Strength is affected by the two masses
Planets are held in orbit around Sun by gravity

Inertia-tendency of a moving object to keep
moving in a straight line

Gravity and inertia keep planets moving in a
nearly circular orbit called an ellipse
Gravity and Inertia:
Planets orbit
Inertia alone would move
Earth in straight line
Gravity and Inertia
together make
Earth follow this
path
Gravity along would pull Earth to Sun
What causes seasons?
 Earth’s

axis is tilted 23 degrees
Always points in the same direction, so the
seasons in the northern and southern
hemispheres are opposite
Rotation vs Revolution

Rotation




Spin on axis
24 hours, one rotation per day
Earth rotates west to east
Revolution


One complete trip around the sun
365 ¼ days

Every 4 years is Leap Year where we add an
extra day to February (February 29)

2016, 2020, 2024, etc. are Leap Years

Earth rotates as it revolves

*You have heard the saying…The Earth does
not revolve around you! No, it revolves
around the Sun.
Earth and Moon
Phases of the Moon
 Phase-
appearance and
shape of Moon
as you see it from
a specific time
Eclipse

Solar-when moon passes directly between the
Sun and the Earth

Lunar-when the moon moves into Earth’s
shadow and is no longer reached by sunlight

Note: Terra=Earth
Tides
…
rise and fall of the ocean’s surface
Solar System
Telescopes
 Optical

Uses lenses or mirrors to see objects by
gathering visible light
 Radio

Record data from radio waves given off by
objects in space
 Hubble

Space Telescope
Placed in Earth’s orbit in 1990
Planets

… large object that orbits a star

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune

Inner planets are closer to the sun with rocky
surfaces: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Outer planets are further from the sun with
gaseous surfaces:
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune



Scientist reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet in
2006. Other dwarf planets: Ceres and UB313
What is a…
 Moon-natural
objects that orbit a planet
 Satellite-object in space that orbits
another object
 Comet-mixture of frozen gases, ice, dust,
and rock in elliptical orbit around Sun
 Asteroid-rock revolving around Sun
 Meteor-small objects that crosses paths
with Earth and enters Earth’s atmosphere
What is a …
 Star-object
that produces it’s own energy,
including heat and light


Red is coolest
Blue is hottest
 White
dwarf-small, dense star with white
light
 Light year-distance light travels in a year
Matter
Measurements
 Mass-amount

Same on other planets
 Weight-how
object

of matter in an object
strong gravity pulls on an
Different depending on other planets
 Volume-how
much space matter takes
up
 Matter-anything that has mass and
volume
Density and Buoyancy
 Density-amount
of mass for each cm
cubed or mL of a substance

Density = Mass/Volume
 Buoyancy-resistance
to sinking
Forms of Matter

Solid-particles have little freedom to move




Liquid-particles move more freely than in a solid


Takes shape of container
Gas-particles are not close together and move
freely


Densest form of matter
Sound travels through solid matter easier than gas
or liquid
Has own shape
Takes shape of the container at room temperature
*Plasma-properties unlike other states of matter.
Ex: lightning
What is …

Element-material that cannot be broken down
into anything simpler by a chemical reaction






Ex: Aluminum, hydrogen, oxygen
Atom-smallest unit of an element that retains the
properties of that element
Nucleus-center of the atom, made up of protons
and nuetrons
Neutron-neutral, no electrical charge
Proton-particle with an positive electric charge
Molecule-particles with more than one atom

Ex: H20 = water
2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom
What are metals?
 75%
of elements are metals
 Share common properties



Shine when polished
Conduct heat and electricity well
Shaped without breaking
Corrosion-occurs when metals join with nonmetals in the environment Example: rust
Changes of State
Physical Change
 Alters
form of state of matter without
changing the type of matter

Ex: rip piece of paper, melt ice, freeze
water, or boil water
 Sublimation
is a physical change directly
from solid to gas

Ex: dry ice
Chemical Change
 Occurs
when atoms link together in a new
way, creating a new substance

Ex: cake batter creates cake, burning
paper
Mixtures
 …physical


combination of substances
Substances remain the same even though
they are closer together
Ex: m&m colors, trail mix
 Mixtures
can be taken apart and separated
back into their original substances
 Separate
all colors, then mix up again
Solutions

… mixture with parts that blend so it looks the
same everywhere

Solute-smaller amount and is dissolved
Solvent-larger amount that dissolves solute


Ex: Hot cocoa
Cocoa mix=solute
 Water/Milk=solvent
 Hot cocoa to drink=solution

Acids, Bases, and Salts
 Acids-tastes
sour, burn to touch, turns blue
litmus to red, reacts with metals to make
hydrogen gas
 Bases-tastes bitter, feels soapy, turns red
litmus blue
 Salts-many
are metal with non-metal
elements; mixing an acid with a base
produces salt and water
Forces
What is a …



Motion-change in position over time
Frame of Reference-group of objects from which
you can measure a position or motion
Speed-how fast an object’s position changes over
time



Velocity-combines both speed and direction of a
moving object
Acceleration-change in velocity over time for an
object


Speed=distance / time
Acceleration=change in speed / time
Momentum=mass * velocity
Newton’s Laws
 First

Law
An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and
an object in constant motion tends to stay
in motion, unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force
 Second

Law
The unbalanced force on an object is
equal to the mass of the object multiplied
by its acceleration: F=m*a
What is …

Friction-force that opposes the motion of one
object moving past another

Action force-the push of the first object on the
second object
Reaction force-the push of the second object
back on the first object


Work-measurement of the energy used to
perform a task
Energy Types


Energy-ability to
perform work
Potential energy-stored
energy


Ex: chemical, nuclear,
magnetic, electrical
Kinetic energy-energy
of a moving object

Ex: Heat, electricity,
sound, light
Simple Machines
What is …



Simple machine-takes one force and
changes its direction, distance, or strength
Effort-force applied to machine
Load-object moved by the output

Effort arm-part of machine receiving effort
Resistance arm-part of machine delivering
output

Fulcrum-pivot point

What is …
Simple
Machines
Compound Machine
…
two or more simple machines
Energy
Heat

…thermal energy that flows between objects due
to a difference in temperature

Temperature-measurement of the average kinetic
energy of particles in an object

When heat moves from one object to another, the
temperature of each object changes
When two things rub together, they get warm:
friction between objects changes kinetic energy
into thermal energy.

Heat travels by …

Conduction


Passing heat through material while material
stays in place. Objects are touching.
Convection

Flow of thermal energy through liquid or gas


Hot parts rise while cool parts sink
Radiation

Transfer of energy through electromagnetic
rays

Visible light, X rays, Radio Waves
Thermal Conductivity
 Thermal

Material that conducts heat easily
 Thermal

Conductor
Insulator
Material that conducts heat poorly
Sound
 Sound

wave
Series of rarefactions and compressions
traveling through a substance
 Medium

Substance through which the wave travels
Sound travels …
 Through

liquid, solid, and gas
Sound cannot travel in a vacuum, so it will
not travel through space
 Fastest
liquids
through solids, slowest through
 Absorption

Transfer of energy when a wave disappears
into a surface
Frequency and Pitch
 Frequency

Number of times an object
vibrates per second
 Pitch

How high or low a sound is
What is …
 Amplitude

How dense the air is in the compressions or
rarefactions compared to normal air
 Echolocation

Sound echoes off another surface
Light
 Wavelength

Distance between one peak and the next
in a wave
 Photon

Tiny bundle of energy by which light travels
Light and Shadow
 Transparent

Allow almost all light through
 Translucent

Objects blur light that passes through
 Opaque

Objects let little to no light through
Bending Light
 Image

“Picture” of the light source that light makes
bouncing off a shiny surface
 Law
of Reflection: the angle of an
incoming light ray equals the angle of the
reflected light ray
Prism
 Prism

Cut piece of clear glass or plastic in the
form of a triangle or other geometric shape
 Spectrum
 Band
of color in a rainbow or light passing
through a prism
 Rainbow: ROY G BIV
(red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)
Electricity
…
movement of electrons, measured in
joules
 Static

electricity
Buildup of charged particles
How can electricity
flow?
 Electric

circuit
Flow of electricity through a conductor
 Circuit

Formed when an electric current passes
through an unbroken path of conductors
 Resistor

Object in an electrical current that resists
flow of electrons, measured in ohms
Circuit Types

Open


Closed


Allows electricity to flow
Series



Stops electricity flow
One path through which electricity flows
One bulb goes out, they all go out
Parallel


More than one path through which electricity
flows
One bulb goes out, others stay lit
Magnetism
 …ability
of an object to push
or pull on another object that
has the magnetic property
 Electromagnet-electronic
circuit that produces a
magnetic field
Alternating vs. Direct Current
 Alternating


Current that rapidly changes
directions
Used in houses, buildings
 Direct

Used in batteries
Good Luck