Transcript Ch 13 storms

Bellringer
Around the room there are 10
questions.
 Answer them on your own
 You may use notes
 Some questions have multiple parts
 You should hand in your work

Our Violent
Atmosphere
The Nature of Storms
Lesson 7
Thunderstorms
Think About It…
During which months do
we get the most
damaging thunderstorms
here in the Piedmont?
Focus Question…
How do the major types of
thunderstorms form?
Average Number of Thunderstorm Days
Annually…
Types of Thunderstorms…

Air Mass - Mountain



Where… within one air mass over a mountain
Why… warm air rises over a mountain, forming storm
clouds!
When… midafternoon
http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge301/press&siever12.3.png
Types of Thunderstorms…

Air Mass - Sea-Breeze



Where… coastal areas, esp. tropics/subtropics
Why… temperature differences between land
and sea create convection cells and updrafts
When… summer
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/web/notes/chapter11/ts_ingredients4summary.html
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter11/graphics/cf_xsect.jpg
Types of Thunderstorms…

Frontal - Cold



Where… at the leading edge of a cold front
Why… cold air pushes warm air rapidly up at the
steep cold-front boundary
When… anytime a cold front moves in!
Types of Thunderstorms…

Frontal – Warm



Where… at the
leading edge of a
warm front
Why… warm air
mass slides up over
a cold air mass
creating clouds
When… if a warm
front moves in with
enough moisture and
instability
http://www.atmoz.org/img/warm-front.png
Thunderstorms in the
Piedmont…
Which types of
thunderstorms do we
experience here in the
Piedmont?
 Frontal (warm and
cold)
 Local Air Mass (in the
summer)
http://www2.journalnow.com/mgmedia/image/0/354/118602/severe-storms-cause-damage-across-region/
Stages of Development of a
Thunderstorm…
http://chiefio.wordpress.com/2010/12/28/ignore-the-day-at-your-peril/
NSSL – Q&A
Thunderstorms…
The National Severe Storm
Laboratory is in Norman, OK.
 http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tstor
m/tst_detecting.html

Severe Thunderstorms
anvil
Rain Free Base
Precipitation
http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/ED101fa06/mattwall/Extreme%20Weather.htm
How Lightning Forms …
http://www.erh.noaa.gov/bgm/preparedness/swaw/ny/images/Light1.gif
Lightning…
1.
What is lightning?

2.
A giant spark of static
electricity
When does a lightning bolt
form?

When there is an
electrical imbalance
between clouds (-) and
the ground (+)
2a. What is a stepped leader?

An invisible channel of
negatively charged air
from a cloud
http://i.imwx.com/web/multimedia/images/blog/stepped_lightning2.jpg
Lightning…
2b. What is return stroke
(positive streamer)?

A channel of positivelycharged ions from the
ground
3. What causes thunder?

Super-heated air expanding
and contracting
How hot is lightning?

30,000 degrees Celsius
http://www.eoearth.org/files/119701_119800/119773/Step5.jpg
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/images/lightning8.jpg
http://www.barransclass.com/phys1090/circus/JenkinsD/JenkinsD.html
Lightning Damage…
The damage that lightning can do…



7500 forest fires/year
300 injuries/ 93 deaths/year
Property damage
Lightning-struck trees on the
Blue Ridge Parkway
http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=670034119
Lightning Q&A and Safety…
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightn
ing/lightning_faq.htm#10
The Fury of the Wind…
1.
A downburst is a violent downdraft concentrated in a
local area
a.
Two types of downbursts are
a. macrobursts (more than 2 ½ miles wide / 130 mph
winds / 5 - 20 min)
b. microbursts (2 ½ miles wide / 168 mph winds / less
than 10 min).
b. Microbursts
are deadlier
b/c they are
hard to
detect and
plan for.
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tstorms/wind.htm
Hail…
2. What is hail?
Precipitation in the form of balls or lumps of ice
Floods…(The main cause of
thunderstorm-related deaths)
3.
What are 3 conditions that cause floods to occur?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Wind currents in the upper atmosphere are weak
so that weather systems move slowly.
Abundant moisture over a limited area
Rain falls faster than the ground can absorb it.
ADD THIS  Groundwater levels are high and
water can not infiltrate the ground.
Slide show May 17, 2011… The Flooding Mississippi
River
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/12/mississippi-river-flooding-photos2011_n_861204.html#s279672&title=Mississippi_River_Flooding
Lesson 8
Severe Weather
Think About It…
Where is the safest place
to be during a tornado?
Focus Question…
How do tornados form and
how are they classified?
Tornadoes (Formation of…)
A.
B.
C.
A change in wind
direction and
speed creates a
horizontal rotation.
Strong updrafts tilt
the rotating air to
a vertical position.
A tornado forms
within the rotating
winds.
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/tornado_formation.jpg
Tornado Alley - The Midwest!
A cP air mass from
Canada meets a mT
air mass from the
Gulf of Mexico
forming a supercell.
A supercell is a
giant, self-sustaining
storm that can
spawn tornados.
Most tornadoes
occur in May.
http://midwestweather.net/archives/tornadoclimatology.htm
The Enhanced Fujita
Scale…
This scale is used to classify a tornado
AFTER the tornado has passed by
looking at the damage and effects of
the tornado.
The Enhanced Fujita
Scale…EF0 or EF1
- % of all tornados…

80
- Path…

up to 3 miles
- Wind Speed…

60-115 mph
- Duration…

1 – 10 minutes
Dr. Theodore Fujita
http://0.tqn.com/d/weather/1/0/i/C/-/-/fujita2s_600.jpg
The Enhanced Fujita
Scale…EF2 or EF3
- % of all tornados…

19
- Path…

15+ miles
- Wind Speed…

110 - 165 mph
- Duration…

20+ minutes
The Enhanced Fujita
Scale…EF4 or EF5
- % of all tornados…
 1 (Thankfully!)
- Path…
 50+ miles
-
-
Wind Speed…
 200+ mph
Duration…
 1+ hours
http://thedailycap.com/alabama-tornado-2011
Tornado Safety…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Move to a pre-designated shelter – to a
basement if possible.
Move to an interior room/hall, lowest floor, under
sturdy furniture. (A bath tub is safest!)
Stay away from windows.
Get out of vehicles!
Don’t try to outrun a tornado.
If outside, lie flat in a ditch or depression.
Abandon a mobile home for a shelter.
Tornado Watch

Conditions are favorable for a tornado
to form
Tornado Warning

A tornado has formed.
Lesson 9
Tropical Storms:hurricanes
Hurricanes
Hurricane: Atlantic and East Pacific
 Typhoon: West Pacific
 Cyclone: Indian Ocean

Intense Low-Pressure Systems
 Need 60 m (200 feet) of ocean water at
26.5 C or warmer to form

When to expect
Hurricane season is June through
November
 Peak is in September

Tropical Cyclones…
1.
A tropical cyclone can be
described as a…


2.
We call these storms…

3.
Large, rotating, low
pressure storm
Form near equator
where air is warm
and moist
hurricanes
Tropical cyclones derive a
tremendous amount of energy
from…

Warm, tropical
oceans
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml
Tropical Cyclones…
4.
Which direction do
tropical cyclones turn in
the northern hemisphere?


Counterclockwise
It is a low
pressure system!
Fran, 1996, Cape Fear, NC
Name was retired!
Tropical Cyclones…
5.
As a hurricane strengthens, what do
the following components do?
a.
b.
6.
Air pressure in eyewall– decreases
Surface wind speeds – increase
What are two basic conditions that
tropical cyclones require to form?
a.
b.
Lots of warm ocean water
Disturbance to lift the air
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/shv/?n=hurricane_rita
Tropical Cyclones…
7.
Tropical cyclones in the N. Hemisphere move steadily towards…

8.
the west!
Which wind system moves across the USA and usually guides
hurricanes out into the Atlantic Ocean?

the prevailing westerlies
Hurricane Rita – 2005, 3rd lowest pressure in Atlantic (897 mb), hit as cat. 3
Development of a Tropical
Cyclone…
Tropical Disturbance – a weak, low-pressure
system – group of thunderstorms collect
http://www.uvs-model.com/WFE%20on%20tropical%20cyclone%20(Hurricane).htm
Development of a Tropical
Cyclone…
Tropical Depression – a disturbance begins
to rotate around the center of low pressure
Katrina as a tropical depression
http://www.weatherstockphotography.com/
Development of a Tropical
Cyclone…
Tropical Storm – a depression is labeled a
storm when the wind speeds reach 39 mph.
Tropical Storm Dalila, July 2007
http://www.weatherstockphotography.com/
Development of a Tropical
Cyclone…
Tropical Hurricane – pressure drops and the
wind speeds reach 74 mph
Dean
2007
Ivan
2006
Katrina
2005
Hurricane History…

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/englis
h/history.shtml#galveston
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter15/vertical_circ.html
Anatomy of a Hurricane…
Formation of Hurricanes
Tropical Depression
 Tropical Storm
 Hurricane

Tropical Depression
Cluster of organized thunderstorms
 Not very compact
 Sustained winds of at least 30 mph
 Given a number

Tropical Storm
Winds above 39 mph
 Given a name
 More organized
 If hits land, most damage caused is by
rainfall.

Hurricane
Winds over 74 mph
 Well defined center of circulation
 Eye Wall
 Damage from includes:

Wind
 Storm surge
 Rain

Pressure in hurricane
A way to tell strength of hurricane is
by its pressure
 Measured in millibars (mb)
 Higher pressures are weak, lower are
stronger

Naming System
A list of names from A-W (excluding
Q)
 Alternate from male to female
 6 lists, repeated in cycle
 Big name storms replaced

Saffir-Simpson Scale
Designed by Herbert Saffir and Bob
Simpson
 Divides hurricanes into categories
based on maximum sustained winds.

Classifying Hurricanes…
3. The Saffir-Simpson Scale…
a. Categories 1 – 5
b. Category that does the most damage – 5
c. Wind speed of a cat 5? > 155 mph
d. Three most powerful storms to hit USA?
a.
b.
c.
Florida Keys, 1935
Camille, 1969
Andrew, 1992
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastint.shtml
Classifying Hurricanes…
1.
What scale is used to
classify hurricanes?

2.
Saffir-Simpson
What are the four
characteristics of a
hurricane described by the
scale?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Wind speed – how
high?
Air pressure – how
low?
Potential for damage
– how much?!
Storm surge
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/sshws_table.shtml?large
Category 1
Winds- 74-95 mph
 Storm Surge- 4-5 ft.
 Pressure- 986mb
 Damage- mobile homes, trees, minor
costal flooding

Category 2
Winds- 96-110 mph
 Storm surge- 6-8 ft.
 Pressure- 965- 979 mb
 Damage- Some roof and window.
Damage to piers on coast. Small
crafts. vegetation

Category 3
Winds- 111-130 mph
 Storm surge- 9-12 ft.
 Pressure- 945-964 mb
 Damage- structure damage to homes
and buildings. Mobile homes
destroying. Major coastal flooding with
a potential for inland flooding.

Category 4
Winds 131-155 mph
 Storm surge- 13-18 ft.
 Pressure- 920-944 mb
 Damage- Complete roof damage.
Major erosion to beaches. Further
inland flooding.

Category 5
Winds- Greater than 156 mph
 Storm surge- over 19 ft.
 Pressure- less than 920 mb
 Damage- Roofs torn off, buildings
collapse, major inland flooding.

Hurricane Watch

A hurricane poses a possible threat
within the next 36 hours
Hurricane Warning

Hurricane conditions expected within 24
hours
Classifying Hurricanes…
4. A hurricane runs
out of energy
a.
b.
When it
moves over
land
When it
moves over
cold water
http://backyard.weatherbug.com/profiles/blogs/the-south-central-texas-445
Decay of Hurricanes
Need warm water for energy
 Decay rapidly over land
 Lose strength over cold water
 Can still cause destructive flooding
long after cyclonic structure is gone
 Degenerate into low pressure systems

Hurricane Hazards…
Wind Pressure
 Flying Debris
 Storm Surge
 Flash Flooding
 Tornadoes

http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/nmcp/localarea/Weather/PublishingImages/def1.gif
Hurricane Hazards…
2. What is a storm surge?
1.
When hurricane force winds drive a mound
of ocean water towards coastal areas
http://www.chathamemergency.org/images/storm%20surge%202.png
Hurricane Hazards…
3. What hurricane hazard is caused by great
amounts of rain?

floods
Flooding from
Hurricane Fran
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-499/text/PHOTOS.html
Hurricane Hazards…
5. Which agency is
responsible for
tracking and
forecasting
hurricanes?

The National
Hurricane Center
in Miami, FL at
the FIU Campus
(NOAA)
The World’s Best Hurricane
Safety Tip…
EVACUATE!!
Lesson 10
Human Impact on Air Quality
Smog…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Smog is a yellow-brown photochemical haze.
Smog is caused by the action of solar
radiation on an atmosphere polluted with
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, mostly
from car exhaust.
Smog can make it difficult to breathe!
The major chemical in smog is ozone.
Ozone irritates the eyes, nose, throat, and
lungs.
Particulate Matter…
1.
Four examples of particulate matter include…
1.
2.
2.
ash, dust, pollen, and asbestos fibers.
These are forms of SOLID pollutants in the air.
Particulate matter is harmful to people
because they can…
1.
2.
3.
lodge in lung tissues,
disrupt normal functions,
cause breathing difficulties and lung disease.
Global Warming…
a.
Global warming is…
1.
b.
an increase in Earth’s average surface
temperature.
Some scientists believe that the cause of
global warming is...
1.
2.
… the burning of fossil fuels
…which releases carbon dioxide (CO2)
Remember - CO2 makes up only .04% of the
atmosphere! (4 out of 10,000 molecules)
There are many scientists who believe the Sun
has the major role in global warming/cooling.
The Greenhouse Effect
What is the greenhouse effect? It
is heat from the sun being trapped
by the gases in our atmosphere.
A greenhouse effect you may relate
to is that of a closed car on a cold,
sunny day in winter.
 The greenhouse effect is a GOOD
thing! It allows for life on our
planet!

The Greenhouse Effect
http://www.uic.com.au/graphics/ueg1-1.gif
The Greenhouse Effect and
Carbon Dioxide
news.bbc.co.uk
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by respiration,
decay, and burning of fossil fuels. It is absorbed or stored by
such carbon sinks as untapped fossil fuels, oceans, and forests.
The Ozone Issue
The ozone layer is
found in the
stratosphere.
It absorbs
ultraviolet
radiation from
the sun.
www.space.gc.ca
The Ozone Issue
The ozone layer is important because…
•
•
Ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause cataracts
(a clouding of the lens of the eye) and skin cancer.
Ultraviolet radiation can kill the eggs of certain
animals like amphibians because they lay their eggs in
shallow water.
www.matthews.co.nz
www.mja.com.au
www.waterencyclopedia.com
The Ozone Issue
The chemical
formula for
www.acd.ucar.edu
ozone is O3
www.environment.gov.au
www.piscine-ozone.com
The Ozone Issue
Man-made chemicals
called (CFCs)
chlorofluorocarbons
react with ozone and
break it apart.
The part of the CFC
molecule that reacts
with the ozone
molecule is the
chlorine atom.
observe.arc.nasa.gov
The Ozone Issue
CFCs are used as refrigerants, coolants, propellants
in aerosol cans, and Styrofoam.
www.ec.gc.ca
tiki.oneworld.net
The Ozone Issue
This diagram
illustrates what a
“hole” in the ozone
might look like.
www.ec.gc.ca
The Ozone Issue
“The hole in the ozone
layer above Antarctica
is seen in a series of
satellite images over a
21-year time span.
The hole may actually
close within 50 years
as the level of
destructive ozonedepleting CFCs in the
atmosphere is now
declining, one of the
world's leading
atmospheric scientist
Paul Fraser from the
Australian
government's
Commonwealth
Scientific and
Industrial Research
Organisation (CSIRO)
said on Tuesday.
Fraser said he had
measured a decline in
ozone-destroying
gases since 2000. —
Reuters photo”
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020919/science.htm#2
The Ozone Issue
d. CFCs were banned in the late 1980’s in
industrialized nations. They are still in
use in some places in the world.
“Under the 1987 Montreal Protocol,
developing countries committed
themselves to halving consumption and
production of the CFCs by 2005 and to
achieving an 85 percent cut by 2007.”
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020919/science.htm#2
Acid Rain…
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Acid Rain is precipitation with a pH of less
than 5.
The pH of natural precipitation is 5.0 to 5.6.
Acid precipitation forms when sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides combine with
atmospheric moisture to create sulfuric acid
and nitric acid.
Six types of acid precipitation are acidic rain,
snow, fog, mist, gas, and dust.
Nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide come from
volcanoes, marshes, and human activities
Acid Rain…
f.
g.
The source of acid precipitation that receives
the most attention is caused by coal-burning
power plants in the midwestern USA.
Three effects of acid precipitation are...
a.
b.
c.
It causes damage to aquatic ecosystems and
vegetation.
It affects plants and soil.
It damages stone buildings and statues.
h. Acid precipitation can be prevented by using
wet scrubbers to reduce emissions of sulfur
dioxide by coal-burning power plants.
World’s Tallest Buddha…
Buddha will get a face
lift after many years of
weathering and acid
rain damage.
http://english.china.com/zh_cn/tourism/news/11020847/20071107/14450790.html