Transcript Electrostatics

Chapter 38
Highs & Lows
Change in pressure
• The atmosphere is like an ocean of air
– When the wave’s crest is above you, you
experience high pressure
– When the wave’s trough above you, you
experience low pressure.
Change in pressure
crest OR ridge
trough
Change in wind
H
H
Top view
Side view
Highs
• High pressure = FAIR weather
– Clouds require lifting of moist air
– No lifting, no clouds
Temperature Inversions
• If parcel of rising air is trapped beneath stable
layer of warmer air, temperature inversion
results
– Smog
– Valley fog
H
Sinking air warms
adiabatically
Smog is trapped!
Warm, polluted air
rises and cools
http://www.paultownend.com/photos/seattle2003/seattle18.jpg
Lows
• Low pressure = NOT SO FAIR
– Wind is rushing in
– Air is being lifted
– Expect clouds… and more!
Change in wind
L
L
Top view
Side view
If the Earth stood still…
If the Earth were stationary, wind would flow in
straight lines from areas with high pressure
towards areas with low pressure.
H
L
But the Earth moves
When you observe an object from a rotating
surface, it appears to be deflected from its
original course.
• Video 1
• Video 2
• Video 3
Coriolis Effect
• Named after Gaspard Coriolis, French
mathematician, 1835
• The apparent force that deflects objects
traveling on a rotating surface
Coriolis Effect
– Depends on the direction of rotation
• Counterclockwise: deflects right
• Clockwise: deflects left
– Depends on the speed of rotation
• Faster rotation = more deflection
– Depends on the distance traveled
• Longer distance = more deflection
– Depends on the speed of the object
• Faster speed = less deflection
Implications
•
•
•
•
airplanes
rocket ships
wind
Not toilets
Change in wind
H
H
Top view
Side view
Change in wind
with Coriolis
L
L
Top view
Side view
Areas of low pressure pull
in air masses
When air masses collide…
Low pressure + Coriolis
Low pressure + Coriolis
http://hurricanes.noaa.gov/prepare/
Questions?
1st period
Tyler
Annelene
Sydney
Thomas
Najma
If their was no such thing as the greenhouse effect, whould we have already
adapted to the cold weather, or not be alive?
I understand how ions are created, but how do they cast glow?
Can salt water freeze or do they separate (water freezes while the salt does
not)?
If the atmosphere extends up to 500km why do some spacecraft and
satellites orbit at less than that?
How close does the air need to get to the earths surface in order to reduce
the amount of Coriolis force and increase frictional force?
How will all this contribute to our windmill projects, if at all?
How far down can surface waters be driven by wind?
Is there a way to prevent the ozone from being destroyed or a way to repair it?
How do the ions in the ionosphere glow at night?
Matthew
Abdirahman
Kenny
How does Coriolis force affect winds in the polar regions?
Does cloud cover generally increase solar panel performance (due to the rebounding of
terrestrial radiation) or reduce it due to blockage of solar radiation (since solar
Do the behaviors of large bodies of water tend to mimic the interactions of radiation tends to be more capable of penetrating cloud cover and therefore could still
our atmosphere (to a smaller scale)?
reach Earth's surface)?
Something I am still wondering about is the concept of Terrestrial Radiation. Something I am still wondering about is the Coriolis Effect.
When the effect of the Coriolis force are reduced, causing the wind to spiral,
doe that create tornadoes?
How did the green algae and other plants that created the first oxygen form?
I am wondering about what all of the effects of methane are on our
atmosphere.
What would happen without the ozone layer?
where does ocean salinity tend to be the highest?
how is salinity measured?
Is there any way the ocean currents could suddenly stop?
Will the days on which the seasons occur ever change in the future?
Charles
If Nitrogen is the primary element in the air at around 78%, how come we
don't breath it?
Jakob
Eric
Jenny
Riley
Braeden
How does an airplane adjust to the drift to accommodate for its intended
trajectory?
I am still confused as to why winds get deflected eastward to create the
westerlies or southward for the trade winds. What causes these winds to be
deflected a certain way?
When it is about to become winter the Earth's revolution around the sun is at the
furthest point for winter on the 21st, so there are the shortest days for the Northern
Hemisphere. But why is sunset earlier on a few days before the 21st like the 18th?
Is there anything special that dictates which molecules in the atmosphere are the
farthest from Earth in space? do the molecules at the top constantly fluctuate in
position or always remain in the uppermost layer?
What is a very simplified version of global wind circulation and currents? There's a lot
going on in this chapter, so if there's a simplified version of the wind patterns, that
would be nice.
Also, how exactly does the solar wind stirring up the ionosphere cause the colors seen
in auroras? I mostly understand why an aurora's light is produced, but I don't
understand why it's so colorful.
Another question I still have is what further impacts would the environment experience
if the greenhouse effect continued it's role in climate change?
Nathan
How exactly does the ozone layer reduce the UV rays that reach Earth's
surface?
A question I still have is does the Coriolis Effect have as large of an impact
deeper underwater in the oceans compared to gravity?
Heidi
What created atmospheres? I understand the need of it, and I know an atmosphere is
Also, Is there a hands-on demonstration about the greenhouse effect that we made of gas,like hydrogen and oxygen, but what else? What special materials came
as a class could do?
together to make an atmosphere and why?
Kathryn
2nd period
Charles
Charleisha
Does the coriolis effect have any smaller scale effects that humans could
notice on a daily basis.
what is frigid air?
Why is it that water takes so much longer to heat up and cool down than
land.
Why does frigid air sink?
Jack
Why don't pilots fly in the stratosphere so they can avoid all weather instead
of most of it if they just fly in the top of the troposphere? (Badly worded,
Sorry).
Does the Earth's rotational access effect the weather?
Iann
How do we classify the 4 main layers of the atmosphere?
Stephanie
Would limiting carbon dioxide emissions, such as with a cap and trade,
provide a large enough impact on the amount of carbon dioxide we emit into
our atmosphere to make a difference?
How does Salinity affect water currents (if it does)?
Chelsea
I still wonder about the Coriolis effect and deflection of wind, I would like
more clarification.
Another question is are there any other types of circulation in the
atmosphere?
Lilia
How and why will this apply to our unit of wind turbines?
If wind turbines have to go through all of these things of checking to make
sure it is an a efficient place to put it why do they even decide to do it in the
beginning?
Avni
All the different layers of the atmosphere are so very different and have
different jobs, how day all of them work together, even tho it goes layer by
layer?
Parmeet
Why do high pressure systems prevent precipitation and why does it make
the area its over often clear?
Can O3 be used as oxygen for our body's? If so, what kind of effect will it
have?
Paul
Why doesn't salt from the ocean evaporate wit the water?
Why doesn't some carbon dioxide turn into Calcium Carbonate?
Mitchell
I wonder if there are density based currents in lakes, because know there are I wonder if global warming is affecting the ocean currents that run
wind based currents in lakes.
throughout the world and continuously circulate water.
Is there anything else that can act like the ocean for continent states?
What does the motion at which water moves effect the global circulation
patterns?
3rd period
Payton
Mia
Madelyn
Kristina
Simon
John
Zayani
Kaitlyn
Noah
Erika
Anna
Calvin
Andrew
Cooper
Thomas
Aivy
Zakary
Nathan
Nicholas
Where did the heat transfer to while in the ice age?
When talking about jet-streams, what causes the wind to move West? Why not East?
What causes earth to have terrestrial radiation? How does the energy that's not
What keeps the different layers of the atmosphere from mixing together?
absorbed get radiated back into space?
Are Earth's atmospheric gases constantly escaping and going into space? If so, would
that mean that atmospheric pressure would be decreasing all the time, even if that
Which weather conditions extend outside of the troposphere?
change is so small we don't notice it?
Could global warming have been stopped? Or would it be inevitable due to the huge
Did the events that affect Earth's climate today happen back when the Earth was still forming? population of humans on Earth taking oxygen?
So, the chapter said that sea ice leads to more salinity which leads to more density.
How did ozone get into the earth's atmosphere and where did it come from?
How does this affect marine wildlife in the area?
Would it be cooler if there was so much CO2 that the Sun's ray's couldn't get in, or by that time
would it be warm still?
Is the Coriolis effect the reason that Hurricanes and Cyclones spin in different
directions depending on which hemisphere they (Hurricanes/Cyclones) are in?
What is the equatorial region?
Why can't plants use photosynthesis on other planets like the moon to make it livable, like
they did to Earth?
If the cold air from the ocean was warmer when it was over Los Angeles, would the smog go
away?
One question is why does air experience more frictional force on a rougher surface of the
Earth?
How can water remain cold even in warm weather? Example: when it is about 80
degrees Fahrenheit, and the water is cold when you stick your foot in.
Can thunderstorms be caused by frontal lifting
Another question is why is there more deflection at the poles for the Coriolis effect?
When going into space, which is the hardest layer of atmosphere to pass through, and
If a super Volcano were to occur, how badly would that affect global warming, and to what
why? In other words, what is the hardest layer for engineers to protect against when
scale?
they are building?
We know that the radiation is trapped within our atmosphere, but in what layer of the
atmosphere is it trapped in? Is it possible to open up a "hole" within the atmosphere to
Why does the mesosphere absorb less radiation from the sun but the layer below (the
let out the gases and somehow close it again? Or maybe we could use some sort of
stratosphere) takes in more than the mesosphere?
vacuum and then send it to space and let it go.
Do lakes have the same affect on weather that land near the ocean has in terms of
Are all layers of the atmosphere lower at the polar regions?
seasonal changes?
How much will the deep water ocean current conveyor belt be affected by global
Why has the earth had multiple atmospheres throughout it's history while Mars does not? Is it warming and decreased ocean salinity due to fresh water icecaps melting raising the
the size of the planet (Mass and Gravity) or is it the distance from the sun that is affecting it? sea level while the amount of salt remains constant?
Do spots in the southern hemisphere at the same latitude and longitude as one in the
northern hemisphere experience hotter summers since the planet is closer to the sun than
Since the coriolis effect causes the ocean currents to spin different ways depending on
when it is summer in the north?
the hemisphere does it do the same to storms like hurricanes and tornados?
Are all greenhouse effect's outcomes negative?
Can the ozone layer regenerate?
I know that global warming is becoming a significant issue, and that humans are contributing
quite a bit, but I also remember learning that the earth has heating and cooling patterns that
change over thousands of years. So how much exactly are humans contributing to global
warming, and is the earth naturally getting warmer as well, or is our current issue only because
of humans?
How much does air pressure affect water pressure at different depths? Does it all?
What is the difference between the formation of global wind cells and more local wind cells? Why would water boil at 0 degrees without air pressure?
Why does air spin in different directions depending whether it's North or South of the
equator?
How fast are underwater currents? Is there speed comparable to wind currents?
4th period
Ellen
Alexander
Cassidy
Olivia
Anna
Kayla
Chase
Oliver
Natalia
Jessica
Grant
Nolan
Lara
Mateo
Brian
Hong
Caroline
Nick
Nathaniel
Isabella
Ruby
So gravity keeps moving gas molecules in our atmosphee, but if heat was added and
they began to move faster would it be possible for these gas molecules to escape our Our lungs cannot breathe less dense air at higher elevations. Is the same true for denser
atmosphere?
air at lower elevations? If so how far below sea level would this happen?
How do clouds block the heat and radiation from coming into and out of the
atmosphere when they are just water vapor?
I am still having trouble understanding the Coriolis effect.
if the earth was heated evenly, how would that affect what crops and animals would live
how much would earth change without clouds?
here?
Something that I am still wondering about is the gulf stream. The section in chapter 37
was confusing to me. I was wondering how the gulf stream is created and was role
Why are terrestrial wave lengths long and infrared and solar radiation has short
does it play?
wavelength?.
How long did it take the ozone layer to form?
What would happen if more of the Earth's atmosphere was in the stratosphere?
If the Earth didn't rotate, why would the air circulation be split into two different cells Why does terrestrial radiation emit in long wavelengths if it came from the Sun's short
in opposite directions in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere?
wavelengths?
Are there different oceanic currents on different levels of the ocean (surface, middle,
How many different winds blow over North America?
deep), or are they all combined?
How can you tell where one atmospheric layer ends and another begins?
Why is the Earth tilted the way that it is?
In the diagram showing upper level and surface level wind in the Northern Hemisphere, it
If in the Northern hemisphere is in Summertime at the same time as the Earth is
showed how the wind went from high to low pressure. Why did the upper level wind go
farthest from the sun, then why do Summer and Winter not feel like the same
from high to low pressure in a circular swirl, but the surface level wind go from high to
temperature?
low pressure in an asterisk swirl?
Because water has a high heat capacity, does the ocean absorb heat or emit heat into If the earth had no atmosphere, would all of the gas molecules fly into outer space.
its surroundings to cool off?
Besides being exposed to ultraviolet radiation, what effect would this have on humans?
Why will water boil at 0 degrees Celsius when no air pressure acts on it.
How do we know about the amount of CO2 and water vapor in the air, in the 1800s.
How is some water denser than other water. For example they say that deep water flows
What is ionization?
because dense water sinks.
What would happen if a plane flew higher than the troposphere?
Why can the northern lights only occur near the poles?
Does the ozone layer reflect UV rays as well as absorb them?
Why does the direction of rotation of ocean gyres change based on hemisphere
How do magnets work?
How is the atmosphere held together?
How fast is global warming occurring?
Why does the atmosphere not have a distinct top?
Why is it that short wavelength solar radiation can penetrate the atmosphere, but long
Why is deflection greatest at the poles?
wavelength solar terrestrial radiation cannot?
Is it correct to assume that the ionosphere outputs a lot of radiation? If so, how does
NASA compensate for this?
There's been a lot of talk about El Nino. What causes it?
It says in the article that without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be really cold,
Does all weather occur in the troposphere, or can there be clouds in the stratosphere. but isn't the greenhouse effect also a bad thing because it causes global warming?
In the chapter it says that comet debris from interplanetary space contributed water to
the ocean. Does this mean that we got some of our water from other planets or are they
How does the ozone layer filter ultraviolet radiation?
just comets from Earth's formation?
In the early stages of earths atmosphere, volcanoes were extremely numerous and went
off many times a day. I was wondering if volcanos were the reason there was no oxygen
How far into earths history did the ozone layer first appear?
in the early earth atmosphere, or if it was something else?
Cyclones
• Wind direction is hugely influenced by the
type of air mass
• When air masses collide, the air rolls in
horizontal cylinders at ground level
• If the cylinder of rolling air gets lifted and if
the air is moist, a tornado may form
http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/2006-04-03-tornado-basics_x.htm
http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/hazard/loops.html
http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/flight/fly00102.htm
DANGER!
Waterspout, Astronomy Picture of the Day, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, 23 Oct 2006.
<http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/0412/waterspout_noaa_big.jpg>
Tornados
http://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate/map/tornado_days_1990_2009/tornadoes_severe_storms
Tornados
• http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/050
6/feature6/multimedia.html
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0506/feature6/gallery3.html
Supercell formation
http://www.spc.noaa.gov/coolimg/jarrell/index.html