Transcript Review Packet 2 ppt

Chapter 13
The Nature of Storms
1. Average Number of Thunderstorm Days
Annually… Florida is #1!!
2. Cause of Thunderstorms…
 Warm
air rises over a mountain
 Temperature difference b/tw land &
sea
 Fronts
See next several slides for details, if desired!
Types of Thunderstorms…

Air Mass - Mountain



Where… within one air mass over a mountain
Why… warm air rises over a mountain, forming
storm clouds!
When… midafternoon
http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge301/press&siever12.3.png
Types of Thunderstorms…

Air Mass - Sea-Breeze



Where… coastal areas, esp. tropics/subtropics
Why… temperature differences between land and
sea create convection cells and updrafts
When… summer
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/web/notes/chapter11/ts_ingredients4summary.html
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter11/graphics/cf_xsect.jpg
Types of Thunderstorms…

Frontal - Cold



Where… at the leading edge of a cold front
Why… cold air pushes warm air rapidly up at the
steep cold-front boundary
When… anytime a cold front moves in!
Types of Thunderstorms…

Frontal – Warm



Where… at the
leading edge of a
warm front
Why… warm air
mass slides up over
a cold air mass
creating clouds
When… if a warm
front moves in with
enough moisture and
instability
http://www.atmoz.org/img/warm-front.png
3. Thunderstorms in the
Piedmont…
Which types of
thunderstorms do we
experience here in the
Piedmont?
 Frontal (warm and
cold)
 Local
Air Mass (in
the summer)
http://www2.journalnow.com/mgmedia/image/0/354/118602/severe-storms-cause-damage-across-region/
4. Lightning…
What is lightning?
 A giant spark of
static electricity
How does a lightning bolt
form?
4.

A ‘-’ channel of air
from a cloud (stepped
leader) connects with
a ‘+’ channel on the
ground (return stroke).
http://i.imwx.com/web/multimedia/images/blog/stepped_lightning2.jpg
Lightning…
What causes
thunder?
 Super-heated air
expanding and
contracting
How hot is lightning?
 30,000 degrees
Celsius
http://www.eoearth.org/files/119701_119800/119773/Step5.jpg
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/lightning/images/lightning8.jpg
http://www.barransclass.com/phys1090/circus/JenkinsD/JenkinsD.html
Lightning Damage…
The damage that lightning can do…



7500 forest fires/year
300 injuries/ 93 deaths/year
Property damage
Lightning-struck trees on the
Blue Ridge Parkway
http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=670034119
1. Tornadoes (Formation
of…)
A.
B.
C.
change in wind
direction & speed
creates horizontal
rotation.
Strong updrafts
tilt rotating air to
vertical position.
Tornado forms
within rotating
winds.
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/tornado_formation.jpg
Tornado Alley
The Midwest!
2. A supercell is a
giant, self-sustaining
storm that can
spawn tornados.
(A cP air mass from
Canada meets a mT
air mass from the
Gulf of Mexico)
3. Tornado Alley is
in the midwest.
4. Most tornadoes
occur in May.
http://midwestweather.net/archives/tornadoclimatology.htm
5. The Enhanced Fujita
Scale…
a.
b.
This scale is used
to classify a tornado
AFTER the tornado
has passed by
looking at the
damage and effects
of the tornado.
EF0 to EF5
The Enhanced Fujita
Scale…EF0 or EF1
- Least dangerous
- % of all tornados…

80
- Path…

up to 3 miles
- Wind Speed…

60-115 mph
- Duration…
1
– 10 minutes
Dr. Theodore Fujita
http://0.tqn.com/d/weather/1/0/i/C/-/-/fujita2s_600.jpg
The Enhanced Fujita
Scale…EF2 or EF3
- % of all tornados…

19
- Path…

15+ miles
- Wind Speed…

110 - 165
mph
- Duration…
 20+
minutes
5c. The Enhanced
Fujita Scale…EF4 or
EF5
- Most dangerous!!
- % of all tornados…

1 (Thankfully!)
- Path…

50+ miles
- Wind Speed…

200+ mph
- Duration…
1+ hours
http://thedailycap.com/alabama-tornado-2011
Tornado Safety…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Move to a pre-designated shelter – to a
basement if possible.
Move to an interior room/hall, lowest floor, under
sturdy furniture. (A bath tub is safest!)
Stay away from windows.
Get out of vehicles!
Don’t try to outrun a tornado.
If outside, lie flat in a ditch or depression.
Abandon a mobile home for a shelter.
Lesson 8
Tropical Storms & Hurricanes
Tropical Cyclones…
1.
A tropical cyclone can be
described as a…

Large, rotating, low
pressure storm
2. We call these storms…

hurricanes
3. Tropical cyclones derive
energy from…

Warm, tropical
oceans
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml
Tropical Cyclones…
4.
Which direction do
tropical cyclones turn in
the northern hemisphere?



Counterclockwise
It is a low
pressure system!
Remember the
Coriolis effect?
Fran, 1996, Cape Fear, NC
Name was retired!
Tropical Cyclones…
5.
As a hurricane
strengthens, what do
the following
components do?
a.
b.
Air pressure in
eyewall–
decreases
Surface wind
speeds – increase
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/shv/?n=hurricane_rita
Tropical Cyclones…
6. Tropical cyclones in the N. Hemisphere move steadily towards…
 the west!
7. Which wind system moves across the USA and usually guides
hurricanes out into the Atlantic Ocean?

the prevailing westerlies
Hurricane Rita – 2005, 3rd lowest pressure in Atlantic (897 mb), hit as cat. 3
8. Development of a Tropical
Cyclone…
Tropical Disturbance – a weak, low-pressure
system – group of thunderstorms collect
http://www.uvs-model.com/WFE%20on%20tropical%20cyclone%20(Hurricane).htm
Development of a Tropical
Cyclone…
Tropical Depression – a disturbance begins to
rotate around the center of low pressure
Katrina as a
tropical
depression
http://www.weatherstockphotography.com/
Development of a Tropical
Cyclone…
Tropical Storm – a depression is labeled a
storm when the wind speeds reach 39 mph.
Tropical Storm Dalila, July 2007
http://www.weatherstockphotography.com/
Development of a Tropical
Cyclone…
Tropical Hurricane – pressure drops and the
wind speeds reach 74 mph
Dean
2007
Ivan
2006
Katrina
2005
Classifying Hurricanes… The
Saffir-Simpson Scale
1.
4 characteristics of a
hurricane described…
a.
b.
c.
d.
Wind speed – how
high?
Air pressure –
how low?
Potential for
damage – how
much?!
Storm surge
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/sshws_table.shtml?large
Classifying Hurricanes…
2. The Saffir-Simpson Scale…
Categories 1 – 5
Category that does the most damage – 5
Wind speed of a cat 5? > 155 mph
Three most powerful storms to hit USA?
a.
b.
c.
Florida Keys, 1935
Camille, 1969
Andrew, 1992
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastint.shtml
Classifying Hurricanes…
3. A hurricane runs
out of energy
When it moves
over land or
cold water
http://backyard.weatherbug.com/profiles/blogs/the-south-central-texas-445
Hurricane Hazards…
1. The strongest
winds in a
hurricane are
in the…

eye wall
http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/nmcp/localarea/Weather/PublishingImages/def1.gif
Hurricane Hazards…
2. What is a storm surge?
When hurricane force winds drive a mound of
ocean water towards coastal areas
http://www.chathamemergency.org/images/storm%20surge%202.png
Storm Surge…
a.
b.
9 of every 10 people who die in a
hurricane are killed by the storm
surge.
You should EVACUATE so you
don’t get killed by the storm surge!
Hurricane Hazards…
3. What hurricane hazard is caused by great
amounts of rain?

floods
Flooding from
Hurricane Fran
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-499/text/PHOTOS.html
Hurricane
Hazards…
4. Which agency is
responsible for
tracking and
forecasting
hurricanes?
The National
Hurricane
Center in
Miami, FL
(FIU Campus)
(NOAA)

The World’s Best Hurricane
Safety Tip…
EVACUATE!!
Lesson 9
Human Impact on Air Quality
Smog (Smokey Fog)…
Smog is a yellow-brown photochemical haze.
2. Smog is caused by solar radiation heating
pollution (hydrocarbons & nitrogen oxides
mostly from car exhaust).
3. Smog makes it difficult to breathe!
4. The major chemical in smog is ozone.
b/c Ozone irritates the eyes, nose, throat, &
lungs.
See next slide…
1.
Particulate Matter…
1.
Four examples of particulate matter
include…
1.
2.
2.
ash, dust, pollen, & asbestos fibers.
These are forms of SOLID pollutants in the air.
Particulate matter is harmful to people
because it can…
get in lung tissues & cause breathing
difficulties & lung disease.
See next slide…
Review Only! The
Greenhouse Effect
What is the greenhouse
effect? It is heat from
the sun being trapped by
the gases in our
atmosphere.


A greenhouse effect you
may relate to is that of a
closed car on a cold, sunny
day in winter.
The greenhouse effect is
a GOOD thing! It allows
for life on our planet!
http://www.uic.com.au/graphics/ueg1-1.gif
Global Warming…
1. Global warming is…
… an increase in Earth’s average surface
temperature.
2. Some scientists believe that the cause of global
warming is...
… the burning of fossil fuels
Write examples in margin…
a.
b.



Coal for electricity
Gasoline for vehicles
Natural Gas for
fireplaces and cooking
which releases carbon dioxide (CO2)
CO2 makes up only .04% of the atmosphere! (4
out of 10,000 molecules)
Add to Margin of
Notes…Fossil Fuel Use

Fossil Fuels Used…



Coal for electricity
Gasoline for vehicles
Natural Gas for fireplaces and cooking
3. There are many scientists who
believe the Sun has the major role in
global warming/cooling.
4. To reduce levels of CO2 in the
atmosphere people can …
… reduce our use of fossil fuels! (And
The Ozone Issue
Review! The ozone
layer is found in
the stratosphere.
1. Ozone
absorbs
ultraviolet
radiation
from the sun.
www.space.gc.ca
The Ozone Issue
2. Man-made chemicals
called (CFCs)
chlorofluorocarbons
react with ozone and
break it apart.
(The part of the CFC
molecule that reacts
with the ozone
molecule is the
chlorine atom.)
observe.arc.nasa.gov
The Ozone Issue
3. CFCs are used as refrigerants, coolants,
propellants in aerosol cans, and Styrofoam.
www.ec.gc.ca
tiki.oneworld.net
Acid Precipitation (Rain)…
1. Acid precipitation (rain) is precipitation with
a pH of less than 5.
The pH of natural precipitation is 5.0 to 5.6.
2. Acid precipitation forms when sulfur dioxide
(SO2) & nitrogen oxides (NO2) combine
w/ atmospheric water to create sulfuric
acid & nitric acid.
3. Six types of acid precipitation are acidic rain,
snow, fog, mist, gas, and dust.
4. Nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide come from
volcanoes, marshes, and human activities
Acid Rain…
6. Three effects of acid
precipitation are the
damage it causes
to…
a. … aquatic
ecosystems
b. … plants & soil.
c. … stone buildings
& statues.
Easy on
the acid
rain,
guys!
Acid Rain…
7. Prevention:
Use wet
scrubbers on
smoke stacks of
coal-burning
power plants.
(to reduce sulfur
emissions)