Transcript weather and atmospherex

Weather &
&
Weather
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Animations
Animations
For Classroom use by Mary E. Massey
Menu
Land & Sea Breezes
Air Masses
Fronts
High & Low Pressure
Interpreting Weather
Convection
Coriolis Effect
Climate
Ocean Currents
Global Winds
Thunderstorms
Lightening Strikes
Hurricanes
Tornados
The Water Cycle
Clouds
States of Matter
Atmospheric Layers
Test Prep
What is Weather?
See how and why the state of our atmosphere
changes from day to day in this BrainPOP
movie.
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Land & Sea Breezes
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Observe an animation of land and sea breezes.
Keycode: ES1903
Unequal heating of air over land and water results in breezes near shorelines. While the
land is warm during the day, air above it rises, and a cool breeze blows in from the sea.
As the land cools off at night, air pressure over it increases, and a cool land breeze
blows out to the sea. Examine the changing temperature of the land throughout the 24
hours represented in the animation.
Air Masses
View satellite movies of air masses moving
across North America.
Keycode: ES2001
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Air Masses
View satellite movies of air masses moving
across North America.
Keycode: ES2001
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Air Masses
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An air mass is a large (usually thousands of miles across)
volume of air that has horizontally uniform properties in
terms of temperature, and to a lesser extent humidity.
Air masses acquire their properties from spending days to
weeks over the same part of the Earth: say over northern
Canada, the North Pole, the tropical Pacific Ocean, etc.
Polar air masses become very cold, especially in the
winter, because relatively little sunlight shines on the
poles of the Earth, and so the air mass continuously loses
infrared radiation to outer space, which cools it, with little
or no sunlight to offset that cooling.
A "continental polar" air mass will be somewhat colder and
less humid (from being over very cold land) than a
"maritime polar" air mass, which has been somewhat
warmed and moistened by the ocean.
A "tropical maritime" air mass will be very warm and
humid. A "tropical continental" air mass usually covers
much of the United States in the summertime. Other air
mass types include "arctic", "equatorial", and "monsoon".
On average, warm air masses tend to flow towards the
poles, and cold air masses tend to flow towards the
equator, helping to cool the tropics and warm the polar
regions.
Cold Front
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Click to see animation!
Warm Front
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Click to see animation!
Stationary Fronts
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Occluded Front
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Front Animations
Compare and contrast warm and cold fronts.
Keycode: ES2002
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High Pressure
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Low Pressure
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High & Low Pressure
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High & Low Pressure
ES2003 Satellite Images of the Storm of the Century
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scien
ce/terc/content/investigations/es2003/es2003
page04.cfm
This animation shows color-enhanced satellite images of the "Storm of the Century,"
which occurred March 12 through 14, 1993. Different colors in the clouds indicate
the intensity of precipitation falling from them.
The graph below the images shows how barometric pressure changed at West Palm
Beach, Florida as the storm approached and passed.
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High & Low Pressure
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High & Low Pressure
Examine how barometric pressure changes with weather conditions.
Keycode: ES1902
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Interpreting Weather
Write ten (10) things in your journal based on what this map reveals to you.
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Earth’s Spheres
Observe a visual model of Earth's spheres.
Keycode: ES0102
Pendulums generally swing back and forth in a single plane fixed in space. On
Earth however, if the path of a pendulum's swing is traced out over time, the
orientation of the plane appears to change. This provides evidence for Earth's
rotation because it shows that Earth is rotating underneath the unchanging
orientation of the pendulum's swing.
This animation shows two views of a pendulum swinging over the North Pole.
The drawing shows the path traced out by the swinging pendulum.
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Climate
Observe how nature records climate change.
Keycode: ES2104
Observe images of different climate zones.
Keycode: ES2103
Click on the red spots to see the climate in that area.
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Climate
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Ocean Currents
Major ocean currents of the world. On this illustration red arrows indicate
warm currents, while cold currents are displayed in blue.
Ocean Currents
Ocean Currents
Learn how and why ocean currents move in
this BrainPOP animated movie.
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Ocean Currents & Global Winds
Examine global surface currents.
Keycode: ES2401
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Ocean Currents & Global Winds
Observe how the monsoon changes direction.
Keycode: ES2402
This animation shows average wind and precipitation data for the months of April
through December over a five-year period. Seasonal changes in the location of air
pressure belts cause the winds to change direction. Observe how conditions
change from April to December. Determine when the winds reverse direction and
what type of weather they bring to India and Southeast Asia.
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Air flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. Based on this
fact, the predicted wind direction for the area on the left side of this satellite
image would be from the southeast. The Coriolis Effect influences wind by
deflecting its path to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. The sequence of
weather satellite images shows that the actual wind direction is from the
southwest. The
satellite images show atmospheric motion over the northern Pacific Ocean for a
36-hour period.
Click the image to see the animation. Use the movie controls to step through or
replay the movie.
Observe an animation of the Coriolis effect
over Earth's surface.
Keycode: ES1904
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A plane flying from Anchorage, Alaska directly toward
Miami, Florida would miss its target due to the Coriolis
effect. The target location where the plane was headed
when it took off has moved with Earth's rotation, so the
plane would end up to the right of its original target.
Observe how the Coriolis effect influences
wind direction.
Keycode: ES1905
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A plane flying from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina directly toward Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil would miss its target due to the Coriolis effect.
The target location where the plane was headed when it took off
has moved with Earth's rotation, so the plane would end up to the
left of its original target. In reality, pilots take the Coriolis effect
into account so they do not miss their targets.
Observe how the Coriolis effect influences
wind direction.
Keycode: ES1905
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Thunderstorms
Warm, moist air rising over central Florida on August 2, 1995 resulted in a series of
large thunderstorm cells. The GOES 9 weather satellite, on orbit approximately
35,800 km (22,300 miles) above Earth recorded the development of these storms
from dawn to dusk.
After a clear morning, warm unstable air rose, generating light cloud cover over
land. Intense updrafts formed several cumulonimbus clouds. Examine the images
carefully to see the effect of the downdrafts as each thunderstorm cell matured.
Observe an animation of a thunderstorm.
Keycode: ES2004
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Lightening Strikes
Electrons flow down from the cloud to the ground
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Lightening Strikes
Static Electricity
What causes static electricity? Find out as Tim
and Moby explore electric charges in this
animated BrainPOP movie.
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Lightening Strikes
Positive strikes can be in advance of negative strikes and can be twice as
strong. They are particularly dangerous as they can occur several miles ahead
of the storm with larger peak current for longer duration making fire more likely.
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Lightening Strikes
All severe thunderstorms require strong vertical
wind shear.
Updrafts stay ahead of the downdrafts.
Updrafts and downdrafts wrap around each
other due to wind shear.
Downdrafts reinforce updrafts.
Acts like an advancing cold front.
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Sea Surface Temps
Observe seasonal changes in the amount of
sunlight reaching locations on Earth.
Keycode: ES1704
Examine infrared images that show variation in
surface temperature.
Keycode: ES1705
Consider how the sea surface temperature pattern shifts over time.
Does the location of the pattern change with respect to longitude or
latitude?
By how many degrees does the pattern shift?
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Hurricanes
Sept. 18, 2003: If you happened to be in North
Carolina, the sight of advancing Hurricane Isabel was
surely unwelcome. From space, though, it was a thing
of beauty.
NSA's Terra satellite took this picture at 11:50 a.m.
EDT on Sept. 18th just as heart of Isabel was making
landfall. Red-, green- and blue-filtered images were
combined to create a true-color view of the dangerous
storm. A similar image was captured on Sept. 17th by
NASA's Aqua satellite.
"The colors are natural," says Gary Jedlovec, a climate
scientist at the National Space Science and
Technology Center in Huntsville, AL. "This is what an
astronaut would see looking down on the hurricane
from orbit."
In fact, Terra and Aqua see much more than human
eyes can. So do their sister satellites TRMM, Jason-1
and QuickScat--all members of NASA's Earthobserving fleet. Onboard instruments sense the
temperature of the air, the distribution of moisture
around the storm, the speed of its winds. They can
even measure the heights of clouds.
"These data are invaluable to researchers who are
trying to understand the inner workings of hurricanes,"
says Jedlovec.
What causes a hurricane to start? Which way will it
go? And how long will it last? Millions of people under
that big swirling cloud have a sudden interest in these
questions. Terra, Aqua, and the others are finding the
answers.
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Hurricanes
A similar image was captured on Sept. 17th by NASA's Aqua satellite.
Hurricanes
GOES 8 satellite images of hurricane Dennis
approaching the coast of Florida on August 28,
1999.
Observe an animation of a hurricane.
Keycode: ES2008
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Hurricanes
A Hurricane
Tracker’s
favorite meal!
Hurricanes
Click picture to view a
hurricane simulation
Orange and red
indicate the necessary
82-degree and warmer
sea surface
temperatures (SSTs)
needed. The data for
this image was
collected by the
Advanced Microwave
Scanning RadiometerEOS (AMSR/E) aboard
the Aqua satellite from
May 2002.
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Hurricanes
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Hurricanes
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Hurricanes
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Hurricanes
The map above shows the paths of all tropical cyclones that occurred between 1985 and 2005.
Tropical cyclones are also known as hurricanes. The color of each path indicates the strength of
the storm (according to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).
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Hurricanes
Average Sea Temperatures
Hurricanes
Watch Stronger Hurricanes
on PBS
Aired January 10, 2006
Program Description
Are hurricanes becoming
more intense? As M.I.T.
atmospheric scientist Kerry
Emanuel relates in this
video, over the past half
century the average strength
and duration of hurricanes in
the tropical regions of both
the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans has doubled. Sea
surface temperatures have
also been on the rise, likely
exacerbating the situation.
Will this sobering trend
continue?
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Tornados
Scientists developed this computer simulation to better understand the
movement of air within the vortex of a tornado. Colored surfaces in the diagram
show areas of equal air pressure, with pressure decreasing from gray through red,
orange, and blue. Air inside the blue surfaces experiences the most intense
upward movement. "Marker" particles that begin on the ground show various
airflow paths in the tornado; the line behind each particle indicates its relative
speed and direction. The simulation shows that one of the strongest parts of a
vortex is where a tornado touches the ground.
Examine an animation of a tornado.
Keycode: ES2006
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Tornados
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The Water Cycle
Observe animated satellite images of water vapor.
Keycode: ES1801
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The Water Cycle
The Water Cycle
Observe a raindrop traveling through various
paths of the water cycle.
Keycode: ES0105
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The Water Cycle
Water Cycle
See how all of the water on Earth is recycled
again and again in this animated BrainPOP
movie.
Humidity
Watch this BrainPOP movie to find out what
people mean when they say it's "humid"
outside. Find out why warm air can hold more
water molecules than cold air.
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The Water Cycle
high above the earth, fluffy white clouds drifted through the atmosphere. In the clouds lived a
little Droplet of water, round and content with life. For as long as he could remember, he spent
his days lying on his back, relaxing and soaking up the sun's warm rays. One day, he took his
usual place in the sun but the light didn't seem to be as bright. In fact, as the day went on, it
grew darker and darker, loud claps of thunder shook the cloud, and the Droplet felt as if he were
getting so heavy he could hardly move.
Suddenly, the Droplet felt himself falling from the cloud. Down, down, down he fell, farther and
father from home. At last he landed on the earth, in the dark green foliage of the rainforest.
Around him as far as he could see were tall trees, dense green leaves, red mushrooms and
multicolored insects of every shape and size. Strange creatures surrounded him, and the sounds
and sights were like nothing he had ever seen or heard before. All he was sure of was that he
wanted to go back home. But how?
And so begins the adventure of Droplet, the water molecule, as he enters the great water cyclecondensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and evapotranspiration-and starts his journey
home. Your task, as you play this game, is to get him safely through the forest, into the river, and
out to sea so that the sun can warm him once again and help him get back to the clouds. You
can make Droplet run, jump, climb, slide, take rides on passing leaves, and stun his enemies. But
the trip will not be easy. All creatures on earth need water to stay alive. In the forest, he can get
slurped up by butterflies and praying mantises. In the river and the ocean, sharks, turtles and
other sea creatures pose other challenges! And beware of hidden traps in the ocean floor! Good
luck and have a safe trip!
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The Water Cycle
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The Water Cycle
Click
picture to
play game
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The Water Cycle
Click the picture to view the simulation.
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The Water Cycle
Click here to
watch water
vapor
transport
simulation
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The Water Cycle
The Water Cycle
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Clouds
Observe clouds form and dissipate.
Keycode: ES1803
Observe clouds forming and dissipating.
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Clouds
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Clouds
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Clouds
Join Tim and Moby as they explain the
different cloud types and how they form in this
animated BrainPOP movie.
Clouds
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Advection fog can form when warm, moist air blows over cool land or
water. Unlike radiation fogs, advection fogs move into an area, sometimes
as a thick bank of fog that engulfs an area. Coastal areas can experience
advection fog when moist air crosses a cool ocean current before hitting
land. Click on the bottom right corner of each picture to blow up the
image.
Observe images of advection fog.
Keycode: ES1802
Fog is a low-lying stratus cloud, near the ground.
Clouds-Hail
Examine an animation of hail forming.
Keycode: ES1805
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States of Matter
Gas (water vapor)
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Solid (ice)
Liquid (glass of water)
Atmospheric Layers
Observe a visual model of Earth's spheres.
Keycode: ES0102
To view the four different types of earth’s spheres click picture.
http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/Solar_Energy/SolarEnergy.swf
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Atmospheric Layers
http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/atmosphe
re/atm_composition.swf
To view the Atmospheric Gases Interactive Lesson click picture.
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Atmospheric Layers
The troposphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. It starts at the ground and goes up to 10 km (6
miles) high. We live in the troposphere. Weather happens in this layer. Most clouds are found in
the troposphere. The higher you go in the troposphere, the colder it gets.
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Atmospheric Layers
The stratosphere is the second layer (going upward) of Earth's atmosphere. It is above the
troposphere and below the mesosphere. The ozone layer is within the stratosphere.
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Atmospheric Layers
The mesosphere starts about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground and goes all the way up to 85
km (53 miles) high. The layer below is the stratosphere. The layer above is the thermosphere.
The border between the mesosphere and the thermosphere is called the mesopause. Most
meteors burn up in the mesosphere. A type of lightning called sprites sometimes appears in the
mesosphere above thunderstorms. Strange, high-altitude clouds called noctilucent clouds
sometimes form in this layer near the North and South Poles. It is not easy to study the
mesosphere directly. Weather balloons can't fly high enough and satellites can't orbit low
enough. Scientists use sounding rockets to study the mesosphere. The top of the mesosphere is
the coldest part of the atmosphere. It can get down to -90° C (-130° F) there! As you go higher in
the mesosphere, the air gets colder
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Atmospheric Layers
Strange, high-altitude clouds called noctilucent clouds sometimes form in this
layer near the North and South Poles. These mystifying clouds are called
Polar Mesospheric Clouds, or PMCs, when they are viewed from space and
referred to as "night-shining" clouds or Noctilucent Clouds, when viewed by
observers on Earth. The clouds form in an upper layer of the Earth’s
atmosphere called the mesosphere during the summer and can be seen from
the high latitudes on Earth.
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Atmospheric Layers
The space shuttle and the International Space Station both orbit Earth within the thermosphere!
This is an image of the space shuttle as it is orbiting around the Earth. The space shuttle orbits in
the thermosphere of the Earth. The air density is so low in this layer that most of the
thermosphere is what we normally think of as outer space.
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Atmospheric Layers
http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/atmosp
here/ozone/atm_layers_questions.swf
Click the picture to do the Interactive Atmosphere Activity.
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Atmospheric Layers
Auroras occur on Earth
when ionized particles from
the sun interact with air
molecules in the upper
atmosphere. The particles
are deflected toward the
North and South Poles by
Earth's magnetic field, so
auroras are most often
visible at very high
latitudes. When the ionized
particles enter Earth's
upper atmosphere (the
ionosphere), their reaction
with gas molecules can look
like colorful light particles
raining down. The groundbased images of auroras
were taken in Alaska.
Observe auroras as seen from the ground and
from space.
Keycode: ES1703
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Atmospheric Layers
Click any picture to view the
atmospheric balloon activity.
Observe how air pressure affects a rising
balloon.
Keycode: ES1901
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Atmospheric Layers
Click any picture to use
the Greenhouse Effect
Interactive Activity
http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/atmosphe
re/greenhouse.swf
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Atmospheric Layers
The Greenhouse Effect The "greenhouse
effect" is the heating of the Earth due to the
presence of greenhouse gases. It is named
this way because of a similar effect
produced by the glass panes of a
greenhouse. Shorter-wavelength solar
radiation from the sun passes through
Earth's atmosphere, then is absorbed by the
surface of the Earth, causing it to
warm. Part of the absorbed energy is then
reradiated back to the atmosphere as long
wave infared radiation. Little of this long
wave radiation escapes back into
space; the radiation cannot pass through
the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The greenhouse gases selectively transmit
the infared waves, trapping some and
allowing some to pass through into space.
The greenhouse gases absorb these waves
and reemits the waves downward, causing
the lower atmosphere to warm.
Test Practice
Standardized Test Practice
Water
Atmosphere
Weather