Transcript atmosphere_ppt_1x

Warm up
• Notebooks: Label the next page unit 3.
• Paste, staple, or tape in your new vocabulary
list.
• Using your new vocab words, complete the
warm up.
• When you finish-you have 10 minutes to finish
your test. If you don’t finish, you will need to
finish it during power/homework.
Honors warm up
• Snowball fight instructions
• 1. Put your name on your warm up and answer
the first 3 questions using your new vocabulary
• 2. Paste your new vocab in your notebook
• 3. crumple your warm up into a ball.
• 4. When the music starts you may throw your
paper around the room. Do not destroy property
or aim for heads/faces
• 5. When the music stops, find a snowball, open
it, put your name on it and answer the next 3
questions.
• 6. We will do this 3 times, so last time you will
answer the remaining questions
Notebooks
• I will check notebooks as follows:
• 2nd period=collected Friday and returned
Monday-if you are missing items make your
list today.
• 3rd period=collected Monday and returned
Tuesday
• 4th period=collected Tuesday and returned
wednesday
Progress reports go home Oct 3
• Turn in missing work before that date!!!!
• You already have a pre-progress report.
• Refer to that if you don’t know what you are
missing
• Honors=I will have to enter zeros for missing
items Sunday night.
Good things!!!!
Atmosphere Unit
Goal: You will understand
the structure of and
processes within our
atmosphere
Atmosphere standard 1
• EEn.2.5.1 Summarize information from charts
and graphs regarding layers of the
atmosphere, temperature, chemical
composition, and interaction with radiant
energy.
• Question: What do you think our atmosphere
is made out of?
How our atmosphere evolved
I. The early atmosphere did not support life. It
contained deadly gases such as Methane and
Ammonia. There was very little Oxygen.
II. Over time, gases were added to the
atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, and as a
result of chemical reactions due to sunlight.
How many atmospheres have we had?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Earth Formed around 5 billion years ago
Atmosphere 1= Hydrogen and Helium
Lost to space because Earth’s gravity cannot hold these light elements, especially when they are heated
by the sun
Atmosphere 2=Volcanic outgassing, meteors and comets create early atmosphere of methane, ammonia,
water vapor
Earth moon impact creates a global magma ocean and also blows away the atmosphere. Other
hypothesis suggest that millions of smaller meteors hitting earth may have destroyed and then replaced
earth’s atmosphere as well.
Atmosphere 3= Caused by volcanic outgassing mostly methane, and ammonia-very toxic!) and water
vapor. Sunlight caused chemical reactions with these gases and new materials formed-nitrogen,
hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
The methane and ammonia broke down but not water vapor also in the atmosphere.
Meteors brought amino acids and other building blocks of life, comets, meteors, and asteroids bring
water to earth’s surface
Water vapor from degassing condenses in atmosphere and it rains possibly for a million years.
Amino acids and other building blocks of life from comets/meteors form earth life form: blue green
algae. Blue green algae built algal mats called stromatolites which created the oxygen we breathe today.
Oxygen created by the algae first oxygenated the ocean and created iron rich deposits and later entered
the atmosphere
Some of the oxygen rose into the stratosphere where sunlight reacted with the oxygen to create ozone.
The ozone layer later formed and protects us from UV radiation.
Video strategy
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5oRIaPY_I
• In your notebook:
• A
• E
• I
• O
• U
How our atmosphere evolved cont.
III. The OZONE LAYER formed as a result of chemical
reactions. Ozone is made of three oxygen atoms
bonded together. It blocks out ultraviolet radiation
from the sun.
IV. The formation of the ozone layer allowed MICROORGANISMS such as Blue-Green Algae to appear on
earth. They take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen,
so the amount of OXYGEN in the atmosphere steadily
increased.
How our atmosphere evolved continued…
V. Stromatolites were some of the early organisms that
used Photosynthesis to convert CO2 into Oxygen. They still
exist today and have survived 5 mass extinctions!
2nd/3rd In your notebook title: What is
the composition of our current
atmosphere?
Nitrogen: 78%
Oxygen: 21%
Other gases including:
Argon: 0.9%
Carbon dioxide: 0.037%
Water vapor
Honors: pie graph
worksheet- in notebook
Today’s atmosphere
Practice quiz questions
• Which gas makes up the • Which of the following
largest component of
is NOT an important
the Earth’s
minor gas in the
atmosphere?
atmosphere?
• A argon (Ar)
•
(a) water vapor
(b) carbon dioxide
• B oxygen (O2)
(c) neon
• C nitrogen (N2)
• D carbon dioxide (CO2)
(d) argon
•
Layers of the Atmosphere
Warm up
• Quizlet live
Honors IDEA Universe project
• Directions: Prepare your project for viewing at your table
• On a sheet of paper write IDEA at the top. For each project
pick one of the following ratings. Write the name of the
group (group number) after your rating.
•
•
•
•
I (interesting)– write about something interesting
D (different) – write about something different
E (exciting) – write about something exciting
A (advanced) – write about something advanced
• You may begin when the music starts
Basis for Layers
•Layers are based on
TEMPERATURE
CHANGE within the
layer.
Troposphere
Stratosphere
This layer extends This layer
from ________ to extends from
_________.
_______ to
________.
______ cruise
All ____________ near the bottom
occurs in this
of this layer.
layer.
Air pressure is
__________ in
this layer.
This layer
contains
_________% of
Earth’s
_________
__________
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
This layer
extends from
____________
_ to
____________
_
__________
burn up in this
layer.
This layer extends
from __________
to ____________.
Exosphere
This layer
extends from
___________
_ to
___________
_.
Shimmering
Many
curtains of light
___________
called
_ orbit in this
_______________ layer.
occur here.
The __________ This is the
This is the
Air pressure
layer occurs here. ____________ _______________ is
layer.
layer.
___________
in this layer.
______________ Hard to
The ___________ Sometimes
_ balloons fly in
__________. __________ orbits considered
this layer.
Planes don’t
in this layer.
part of
fly
___________
__________
___________
enough and
_.
Closure
• Create a compliment for someone you worked
with today.
• Turn the compliment in to Mrs. Chapel
Warm up
• Multiple choice and T/F quizlet warm up
Why the temperature differences?
• Troposphere: Earth’s surface warms troposphere so it gets
colder farther from the surface
• Stratosphere: Ozone reaction creates heat, and because
the ozone layer is near the top the stratosphere gets hotter
as you go up
• Mesosphere: very little ozone, but there is CO2 which rises
and absorbs heat. Mesosphere gets colder with altitude.
• Thermosphere: it is molecular oxygen (O2) that causes
the temperature increase. The oxygen absorbs light from
the Sun, and since there is very little air in the
thermosphere, just a little absorption can go a long way!
•
Characteristics of layers
• Troposphere: Contains Convection Currents
created by the sun’s heat which cause most of our
weather
• Stratosphere: Contains the Ozone Layer.
– prevents some ultraviolet radiation UV light from
reaching Earth’s surface, also where airplanes fly.
• Mesosphere: Meteors burn up when they hit this
layer. Coldest layer
• Thermosphere: Divided into Ionosphere and
Exosphere. Satellites & Radio waves travel in this
layer. This is the hottest layer.
Ozone Layer
• Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere is created by
ultraviolet light striking
ordinary oxygen molecules containing two
oxygen atoms (O2), splitting them into
individual oxygen atoms (atomic oxygen); the
atomic oxygen then combines with unbroken
O2 to create ozone, O3.
Thermosphere has 2 parts:
• Ionosphere: Lower Thermosphere. Contains
electrically charged particles due to absorption of
ultraviolet radiation and X-rays that are given off
by the sun. Aurora Borealis can be seen in this
layer. Radio waves travel easily in this layer.
• Exosphere: Upper thermosphere. Air is extremely
thin. Satellites travel here because there is very
little friction with air.
Aurora Borealis 
A glow in the night
sky produced in the upper atmosphere by ionized
particles from the solar wind interacting with
Earth’s magnetic field.
Video Aurora
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAIyVZoX
v9M ISS
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HjD6vK
K3H0 Wisconsin
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/sh
ort-film-showcase/brilliant-time-lapse-ofalaskas-northern-lights alaska
Analyze this!!!!
Closure: Practice test questions
•
The layer of the atmosphere
that contains most of the water
vapor and weather is
(a) the thermosphere
(b) the mesosphere
(c) the stratosphere
•
(d) the troposphere
•
•
•
Temperature in the troposphere
decreases with height because
(a) the troposphere is warmed by
the land and water at the Earth’s
surface
(b) infrared light is absorbed by the
water vapor in the stratosphere
(c) the troposphere is warmed by
the overlying stratosphere
(d) ultraviolet light is absorbed by
the ozone layer in the stratosphere
Warm up
• Quizziz on atmosphere
Good Things
Daily weather report
• http://www.wsoctv.com/weather
Review
• Which layer of the
atmosphere has
weather?
• In which layer of the
atmosphere do meteors
burn up?
• In which layer of the
atmosphere does the
ozone layer occur?
• Which layers get hotter
with altitude?
• Which layers get colder
with altitude?
Review-continued
• What are the layers of the
atmosphere from bottom to top?
• What is the composition of our
current atmosphere?
• What are the minor gases in our
atmosphere?
Closure Questions from Friday
•
The layer of the atmosphere
that contains most of the water
vapor and weather is
(a) the thermosphere
(b) the mesosphere
(c) the stratosphere
•
(d) the troposphere
•
•
•
Temperature in the troposphere
decreases with height because
(a) the troposphere is warmed by
the land and water at the Earth’s
surface
(b) infrared light is absorbed by the
water vapor in the stratosphere
(c) the troposphere is warmed by
the overlying stratosphere
(d) ultraviolet light is absorbed by
the ozone layer in the stratosphere
Honors Graphing activity
• Remember no horseplay during activities
• You will work with a partner for this activity.
• When the music begins, you may find a
partner for this activity-you choose.
• Obtain a packet once you have your partner.
• Put both names on the top of the sheet.
3rd atmosphere poster
• No horseplay during lab-points will be lost!!!
• Choose your group roles: Leader/timekeeper,
materials manager/affirmer, reader, and scribe. All
members will draw and create the poster. Write roles
at the top of your paper.
• When the music begins you may obtain materials.
Materials need to be checked out by the materials
manager. Any damage/abuse of materials will result in
the whole group losing points
• You must remain with your group and not roam the
room during this activity
2nd period graphing activity
Each person will graph the atmosphere and answer
the questions
You may work QUIETLY with your group on the
activity-Please do not be louder than the music.
You are expected to remain in your seat during this
activity
You may use computers if you need to look
anything up.
Closure
• 1. The layer of the atmosphere with the
highest air pressure is_____________?
• 2. ______(low/high) pressure is associated
with good weather.
• 3. _______(low/high) pressure is associated
with lousy weather.
Warm up: pop quiz
• Answer the riddles that are at your desk
• When you finish, turn them into the second
period basket. This will be a warm up quiz
grade.
Good things
Weather report
• http://www.wsoctv.com/weather
Air pressure
• Which layer of the atmosphere has the greatest air
pressure?
• Air around you has weight -around 15 lbs per square inch
(psi) but we can’t feel it because the air in our body is at
the same pressure.
• Weather forecasters use a barometer to measure air
pressure
• Air pressure is measured in bars or millibars. It also can be
measured in inches of mercury or psi
In your notebook: high vs low pressure Venn diagram!
• High pressure
Cold air sinking
Fair weather
Rotates clockwise
Represented as a blue ‘H’
Good ‘H’air Day!
Question: If a storm is
approaching is pressure
rising or falling?
Low pressure
Warm air rising
Clouds and precipitation
Rotates counter-clockwise
Represented as a red ‘L’
‘L’ousy Weather Day!
In your notebooks, draw these diagrams:
High Pressure
Low Pressure
Headaches and pain?
• http://www.intellicast.c
om/Health/AchesPains.
aspx?location=default&
region=ATL
• Low pressure is
generally associated
with cold, wet weather
and an increase in pain.
• Clear, dry conditions
signal high pressure and
a decrease in pain.
Air pressure demonstrations
• Each person will fill out the activity box as we
do each activity
• I will need lab helpers for each activity
• Helpers will be chosen randomly using sticks
method
• Put the answer sheet in your notebook
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucRCSyIU
I5I
Balloon in a bottle lab



Now it is your turn to experience air pressure first
hand.
Complete the balloon in a bottle lab
Answer the questions associated with the lab found on
google classroom
Honors: Create
Make ayour
own barometer
Barometer
• With your group of 4, create a barometer to use to determine
differences in pressure.
• Directions for the barometer can be found on google classroom
Closure
1. What tool do we use to measure pressure?
 2. What is the unit we use?
 3. What kind of weather do we get with a Low pressure system?
 4. What kind of weather do we get with a High pressure system?
 5. Does air rise around High or Low pressure ?
 6. Which way does the air move around a Low? Which way does
the air move around a High?
Warm up
Quizlet live using our atmosphere vocab words
Daily weather report
• http://www.wsoctv.com/weather
Review
1. What tool do we use to measure pressure?
 2. What is the unit we use?
 3. What kind of weather do we get with a Low
pressure system?
 4. What kind of weather do we get with a High
pressure system?
 5. Does air rise around High or Low pressure ?
 6. Which way does the air move around a Low?
Which way does the air move around a High?
Review: Air Pressure &
Weather
High pressure generally
means fair weather
No clouds
Blue H on a
weather
map
Cool air is
sinking
Low pressure generally
means cloudy, rainy
weather
Red L on a
weather
map
Warm air
rises, clouds
form
Measuring Air Pressure
Air Pressure
is measured by
an instrument
called
Barometer
Types of
Barometer
Mercury Barometer
Aneroid
Air pressure
increases,
column of
mercury rises

Air pressure
decreases,
column of
mercury drops

Mapping Pressure
What are isobars?
Iso=
Bars=
• http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstrea
m/synoptic/ll_analyze_slp.htm
• Use the site above (in my links) and the provided map (air pressure map
activity directions) to map isobars.
Factors that affect
Pressure
Air
Temperature
Water Vapor
Elevation
TEMPERATURE AND AIR PRESSURE
HEAT
increase
LESS AIR
PRESSURE
Molecules
move faster
Move apart,
become fewer
and weigh less
(Expand)
HIGH TEMPERATURE=
LOW AIR PRESSURE
LOW TEMPERATURE=
HIGH AIR PRESSURE
Topic 1: Measuring
Temperature
• Thermometer: Mechanical or electrical device for
measuring temperature. Early thermometer was
invented by Galileo.
• Most things expand when heated-this is how a
thermometer works
• On a weather map=lines connecting equal
temperatures are called isotherms
Celsius Scale
• Celsius Scale: Most commonly used scale. Unit of temperature is called a
degree. Based on the boiling and freezing points of water.
• Boiling Point: The temperature at which water boils. 100 degrees C at sea
level.
• Freezing Point: The temperature at which water freezes. 0 degrees C at
sea level.
Fahrenheit
• Official scale used by meteorologists in the US,
Unit of temperature is called a degree.
• Water freezes at 32 degrees
• Water boils at 212 degrees
Kelvin
• Kelvin is another way of measuring
temperature.
• Scientists use Kelvin to explain the behaviour
of gases.
• “Absolute Zero” is measured in Kelvin – which
is the coldest possible temperature
• 0 Kelvin = -273 ºC
Honors: Converting Temperature
• F = 9 C + 32 or F=1.8 C + 32
5
• K = C + 273
• (F-32)/1.8= C
• Water freezes at 32°F, what is this in Celsius?
• In Kevin?
• Water boils at 100°C. What is this in Fahrenheit?
• In Kelvin?
Temperature activities- In your
notebook
• Temperature gallery walk
• OR if you cannot handle stations lab, you can
do book work instead.
• Directions: Begin at designated station.
When the music begins, answer the question.
When you finish and the next station is open,
move to the next station. When you finish
return to your desk.
Closure QUESTIONS
Write an affirmation for at least one
person
Hand it to Mrs. Chapel and she will put it
on our bulletin board.
Warm up
• Your warm up is at your seat
• you have 10 minutes
Review
• Temperature scales=
• Low temperature air has __________air
pressure
• High temperature air has _____________air
pressure.
Good things
Weather report
• http://www.wsoctv.com/weather
Humidity: A measure of the
amount of water in the air
consists of
air and
water
molecules
More water vapor means
less air molecules
LOW AIR PRESSURE
DRY AIR = HIGH AIR PRESSURE
Water vapor and Air pressure?
• Dry air=more dense=higher pressure
• Moist air=less dense=lower pressure
•
Why?
• When you add water molecules to air, some of
the nitrogen and oxygen leave. They are “larger ”
than water molecules, so adding water vapor to
air makes it less dense.
• Also, warm air holds more moisture
Evaporation
• Water is added to the air by the
process of EVAPORATION.
Relative Humidity
• RELATIVE HUMIDITY is the amount of water in
the air compared to the amount of water the
air could possibly hold at a certain temperature.
• Humidity values are usually given as Relative Humidity.
– Examples:
– if the air is holding half the water it could hold, it’s
Relative Humidity is 50%.
– If the air is holding ALL the water it can hold it is
saturated and the relative humidity is 100%
– If the air is holding no water, relative humidity is 0%
– If it holding a quarter of the water it could hold, 25%
Relative Humidity (RH) =
(Actual Vapor Density)
-------------------(Saturation Vapor Density -max)
X 100%
Problem
Relative Humidity (RH) =
(Actual Vapor Density)
-------------------(Saturation Vapor Density)
X 100%
Finding dewpoint
• If the RH is > 50%, then you can use this
equation to find the dewpoint.
• dew point =temperature of air mass – (100RH/5)
Measuring
Humidity
• Relative Humidity is measured using a
PSYCHROMETER.
– A psychrometer is made of two thermometers. One is
covered with a wet cloth. When air moves over the wet
cloth, evaporation occurs and lowers the temperature on
that thermometer. If you compare the temperature on
the two thermometers you can get the relative humidity.
Condensation
• Condensation is the process by which a gas,
such as water vapor, becomes a liquid.
Condensation will occur when:
• the air is SATURATED, or has a relative
humidity of 100%. (The air can’t hold any
more water vapor, so the water
condenses out of the air.)
• moist air is cooled, or comes in contact
with a cool surface.
Dew Point
• 1. DEW POINT is the
temperature at which
condensation will
occur.
• 2. The Dew point is
the temperature the
air must be in order to
be saturated.
• (Remember, cooling
the air makes it unable
to hold as much water
vapor, so water will
condense out at a
certain temperature.)
The ice makes the air
near the glass cooler
and it reaches its’ dew
point, cool air can’t
hold as much moisture
and condensation
occurs
How humid is “VERY” humid?
• The human body cools down through perspiration
(evaporation of body liquids from the skin surface).
• If the relative humidity is high, the evaporation is
inhibited and we cannot cool efficiently. The body
temperature rises.
• Heat Index: shows what the air temperature feels like.
It takes into account the humidity and the actual
temperature of the air.
• Humans feel comfortable if HI<80 F. Heat index above
90 F is uncomfortable. HI>100 F is dangerous.
Factors Affecting Air Pressure
FACTOR
Density
Density
Temperature
Temperature
Water Vapor
Water Vapor
Altitude
Altitude
Increase/Decrease Air Pressure
Team members- choose 1 activity per team
Project
5 day weather report- video or performed live
Comic strip using pixton, toondoo, or drawn
by hand
Fakebook page created online or as a poster
Voki presentation
Magazine using jilster or another free
magazine generator, or make from scratch
Make a powtoon presentation
Make a song and perform it for the class
A book written as an account of someone
experiencing hurricane matthew
Informational booklet produced by FIMA
Photo collage-can make as a poster, or use
photocollage, befunky, fotojet
Create a drama about hurricane matthew and
perform it
Create a hurricane lab activity
Create a weather station to track the weather
here and connect the results with Hurricane
Matthew
Create a hurricane diorama
Dew point lab
• 2nd period and 3rd period determine dew point
using ice water
• 2nd period- We will not be doing the outside
portion
• Not doing lab: Elijah, Mitou, Dawan, Walter,
• 4th period=sling psychrometer lab
Closure
• As the amount of moisture in the air increase,
the density of the air_____________
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Stays the same
d. Doubles
Warm up
• Kahoot review: humidity, pressure and
temperature
Review
• 1. Adding moisture to air
masses_____________the air pressure.
• RH=
• What is the dew point?
• What did we measure in lab yesterday?
• RH table practice-do the worksheet problems
Good things
Weather report
• http://www.wsoctv.com/weather
Different names are given to hurricanes depending on
where they form
1. Atlantic—we call them hurricanes
2. Pacific—they are called typhoons
3. Indian Ocean—they are called cyclones
HURRICANE Recipe:
Low pressure systems that form over warm, tropical
waters near the equator
Most form between 5 and 20 degrees north latitude
Our hurricanes form off the coast of Africa — they
almost never form in the South Atlantic
•Mature hurricanes average about 350 miles across
•They have the lowest barometric pressures ever
recorded with any storm (905 millibars is lowest recorded)
•These huge air pressure differences is what creates the
rapid, inward spiraling of winds
HURRICANE DEVELOPMENT
When winds have
developed
speeds from 39
to 73 miles per
hour, it is called a
tropical storm
(storms are given
names when
they begin to
have winds of
this speed).
2005 Katrina Developing
The storm becomes
a hurricane when it
reaches a wind
speed of over 74
mph
Hurricane
Formation
When a
season is
very
active,
Greek
letters are
used to
name
tropical
storms
after the
letters of
the
alphabet
had been
used.
THE death OF A HURRICANE
When a hurricane travels over land or cold water, its
energy source (warm water) is gone and the storm
weakens, quickly dying.
HURRICANE SEASON
•Occurs from June through November
•Most hurricanes form during the late summer
months because the ocean is still retaining heat
from the warmer earlier months
MEASURING DESTRUCTION
We use the Saffir-Simpson scale to rank hurricane
intensities
Saffir-Simpson Scale
CATEGORY
WIND SPEED
STORM
SURGE
DAMAGE
1
2
3
74-95 mph
96-110 mph
111-130 mph
4-5 feet
6-8 feet
9-12 feet
Minimal
Moderate
Extensive
4
5
131-155 mph
Greater
than 155
13-18
Greater
than 18
Extreme
Catastrophic
Video Clip on Wind Tunnel
STORM SURGE =Storm surge is an abnormal rise of water
generated by a storm, over and above the predicted tides. Produced by water
being pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds moving cyclonically
ACCOUNTS FOR 90% OF
HURRICANE-CAUSED DEATHS.
Category 5 Status includes:
Hurricane Wilma (October 2005) -- Gulf of Mexico, Yucatan
Peninsula, Mexico, Cuba, and Southern Florida
Hurricane Rita (September 2005) -- hit Texas, Louisiana
Hurricane Katrina (August 2005) -- hit southern Louisiana, Mississippi
and Alabama
Hurricane Isabel (September 2003) -- hit North Carolina, Maryland,
Delaware, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.
Hurricane Andrew (August 1992)-- hit southeastern Florida and
southeastern Louisiana
Hurricane Camille (August 1969) -- hit Mississippi, SE Louisiana, and
Virginia
AMAZING EARTH SCIENCE FACTS
High pressure systems move clockwise and outward in
_______
the northern hemisphere
Low pressure systems (ex. hurricanes) move
_______
counterclockwise and inward in the northern hemisphere.
The opposite is true in the southern hemisphere!!!
CLOSURE
• Review the atmosphere using the handout,
find people around the room that know the
answers to the questions about the
atmosphere.
• Give Mrs. Chapel your completed handout.
Warm up
• Your warm up is at your desk.
• When you finish staple/tape into your
notebook.
• Mrs. Chapel will come around with a sticker or
stamp
• You have 10 minutes
Good things
Weather report
• http://www.wsoctv.com/weather
Review: hurricanes
• 1. Hurricanes need these ingredients:
• 2. Hurricanes rotate_____________in the
northern hemisphere, and they rotate
_____________ in the southern hemisphere.
• 3. What is a storm surge?
• 4. What scale is used to rate hurricanes?
• 5. What causes a hurricane to die out?
Stapled/taped in Notebook so far
• 1. Title unit 3
• 2. Glossary unit 3
• 3. Layers of the atmosphere fill in the blankLabeled “Layers of the atmosphere
• 4. Pressure, temperature, humidity notes sheet
• 5. Temperature gallery walk –labeled
“Temperature walk”
• 6. Hurricane foldable
Winds and Pressure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pressure moves from HIGH to LOW
Air moves from High to Low pressure
Moving air is wind
Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure
Winds move parallel to isobars
Winds move clockwise around a high and
counterclockwise around a low
• Isobars close together indicate strong winds
(steep pressure gradients)
2/24/16
Isotherm mapping
• Connect the same temperatures to create
isotherms (lines of equal temperature).
7. Isobar mapping exercise
• http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/synoptic/
ll_analyze_slp.html
• Go to this website on my links and follow the
directions for the isobar and isotherm maps.
• You have 30 minutes
• Label next page in notebook “Isobar/isotherm
mapping” tape/staple in notebook
NC has lots of wind
• 1. Hurricanes and sometimes tornados
• 2. Wind in the mountains-called mountain
and valley breezes
• 3. Wind along the coast- called land and sea
breezes
Wind
• Wind caused by changes in air pressure
• Air pressure changes caused by uneven heating
of the atmosphere
• Winds measured by direction (from where it
comes) and speed (miles per hour) using an
anemometer
• Wind chill is increased cooling caused by wind in
the winter
Title in notebook: Local, daily (diurnal)
breezes
• Local daily (also called diurnal) breezes include:
 Land and sea breezes
 Mountain and valley breezes
2nd and 3rd Local Breezes booklet for
your notebook
• We are going to make a breezes booklet
• You will define and illustrate:
1. Mountain breezes
2. Valley breezes
3. Sea breezes
4. Land breezes
HONORS: WRITE THE FOLLOWING
DEFINITIONS/DIAGRAMS IN YOUR
NOTEBOOK
YOU WILL MAKE THEM AS
OCTAGON MINIS
Valley and mountain breezes
• Valley breezes:
• During the day
1. the mountain side is directly
heated by the sun.
2. Air in the valley is cooler and
so it has sunk (high
pressure).
3. Since air moves from high
pressure to low pressure,
the air moves from the valley
up the mountain side.
4. Water vapor is brought with
the air which condenses as
clouds at the peaks of
mountains.
• Mountain breezes:
• At night
1. the mountain side cools
down very quickly due to
altitude.
2. This creates high pressure on
the mountain side and air
flows down the mountain
into the valley.
3. Water condenses in the
valleys and is seen in the
morning as fog.
Mountain and
Valley breezes
Sea and Land
• Caused by :
• Differential heating of
land and sea
• Demonstrations/miniLab
http://bborucki.com/weath
er.html
The effect of sunlight on the temperature of land and sea-class lab
activity.
Temperature
Initial
Land
Sea
5 min
10 min
15 min
20 min
25 min
30 min
GPM Virtual lab
• Partner lab
• Go to
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/pd/o
ceans_weather_climate/media/specific_heat.
swf on my links
• Take 20 minutes to do the lab activity
• Remain in your seats
• One person should write while the other
person performs the virtual lab
Lab directions GPM lab:
• 1. Choose lab roles
• 2. since we do not have enough materials for each group,
you will need to assign one person in your group to take the
temperatures
• 3. You will have to set a timer for the times on your lab
paper.
• Send your temperature reader over when the timer goes
off. Group 1 and 2 go to station 1, Group 3 and 4 go to
station 2, group 5 and 6 go to station 3, group 7 and 8 go to
station 4.
• Answer the questions as a group once you gather all the
information.
• https://pmm.nasa.gov/education/sites/default/files/lesson
_plan_files/Global%20Energy%20Budget/GPM%20Global%
20Energy%20Budget%20%20Land%20vs%20Water%20Lab.pdf
Lab questions
• 1. Calculate the total change in temperature for each material.
Sand/Soil: heated by ___________ degrees in 10 minutes; cooled
by __________ degrees in 10 minutes Water: heated by
___________ degrees in 10 minutes; cooled by __________
degrees in 10 minutes
• 2. Based on your data, which material heated up faster?
_______________________________ Which material cooled faster
when the light was shut off? _______________________________
3. How do these results compare to your hypothesis?
• 4. Air in the troposphere (bottom layer of the atmosphere) is
heated from the bottom up by heat given off by the surface and
trapped by clouds and other particles in the atmosphere. If the sun
shines equally on Seattle (near water) and Bismarck, North Dakota
(near center of continent), which would get hotter during the day?
(Hint: Think about your lab.) Explain.
Sea Breezes (named for where the
wind blows from)
• Sea Breeze blows from the ocean toward the land
• Explanation for sea breeze:
1. during the day, the sun heats both the land and sea.
2. Land heats up quicker during the day than the water.
This causes the air over the land to be warmer and to
rise (lower pressure).
3. Over the ocean, the air is cooler during the day and it
sinks (higher pressure).
4. Wind will blow from the ocean to land (from high to
low).
Land Breeze (named for where the
wind blows from)
• Land Breeze blows from the land toward the ocean.
• Explanation for land breeze:
1. At night, the water is now warmer than the land.
2. Water takes longer to cool down than land. Now, air
is warmer over the ocean and rises (low pressure).
3. Meanwhile air over the land is colder and sinks (high
pressure).
4. Wind will blow from the land to the ocean (high to
low)
Closure identify the breezes
A
C
B
D
Warm up/review
• Go to my links and click on the link for land
and sea breezes
• http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/pd/o
ceans_weather_climate/media/sea_and_land
_breeze.swf
• Using the handout, answer the questions and
fill in the blanks
Review
• Which way do the winds blow for each of these: sea
breeze, land breeze, mountain breeze, valley breeze
• During a sea breeze, why does the wind come in from the
ocean?
• During a land breeze, why does the wind go out from the
land?
• When do sea/land breezes occur?
• During a mountain breeze, why does the wind move down
the mountain?
• During a valley breeze, why does the wind move up the
mountain from the valley?
• Why do mountain and valley breezes occur?
The Coriolis effect
The Coriolis effect
Is a result of Earth’s rotation
Causes moving objects to follow curved paths:
In Northern Hemisphere, curvature is to right
In Southern Hemisphere, curvature is to left
Changes with latitude:
No Coriolis effect at Equator
Maximum Coriolis effect at poles
The Coriolis effect on Earth
As Earth rotates, different
latitudes travel at different
speeds
The change in speed with
latitude causes the Coriolis
effect
Figure 6-9a
Coriolis effect influences air movement
Northern Hemisphere winds
curve to the right as they move
from high to low pressure
Causes wind to circulate:
Clockwise around high-pressure
regions
Counterclockwise around lowpressure regions
Figure 6-12
What do you think global winds look
like?
• Fill in the arrows on your paper
Wind belts of the world
Figure 6-10
Pressure Belts (convection cells)
• As warm air rises at the equator
and moves toward the poles, it cools
• As it cools, some of the air sinks
around 30° north and south of the
equator creating the Hadley cell
Hadley Cell
Pressure Belts
• Around 60° north and south, the
air begins to heat up and rise
creating the Ferrell cell.
• At the poles, cold air sinks and
moves towards the equator
creating the polar cell
Ferrell cell
• From 30° latitude to 60° latitude,
• known as the Ferrel Cell.
• produces prevailing westerly winds at the surface
within these latitudes.
Ferrell Cell
Polar cell
• air from the poles rises at 60° latitude where the
polar cell and Ferrel cell meet, and some of this air
returns to the poles completing the polar cell.
• Prevailing easterlies
Polar cell
Global Convection cells
Global Winds
• The combination of pressure
belts and the Coriolis Effect
cause global winds
• These are polar easterlies,
prevailing westerlies, and
trade winds
Polar Easterlies
• Wind belts that extend from the
poles to 60° latitude
• Formed from cold sinking air
moving from the poles creating
cold temperatures
Prevailing Westerlies
• Wind belts found between 30°
and 60° latitude
• Flow towards the poles from west
to east carrying moist air over the
United States
Trade Winds
• Winds that blow from 30°
almost to the equator
• Called the trade winds because
of their use by early sailors
Doldrums also called the intertropical
convergence zone (ITCZ)
• Located along the equator
where no winds blow because
the warm rising air creates and
area of low pressure
Horse Latitudes
• Occur at about 30° north and south
of the equator where the winds are
very weak
• Most deserts on the Earth are
located here because of the dry air
Characteristics of wind belts and
boundaries
Region/Latitude
Equatorial (0-5º)
5-30º
30º
30-60º
60º
60-90º
Polar (90º)
Wind belt or
boundary name
Characteristic
Doldrums
Low press. boundary
Trade winds
Persistent easterlies
Horse latitudes
High press. boundary
Prevailing westerlies Mid-latitude winds
Polar front
Low press. boundary
Polar easterlies
Cool easterly winds
Polar high pressure
High press. boundary
Jet Stream
• The jet streams are narrow
belts of high speed winds
that blow in the upper
troposphere and lower
stratosphere
• Separates warm air from cold
air
Global winds foldable: in your
notebook
• Follow the instructions
Lab activities rules apply:
1. Treat supplies with respect-check out what
you need, return them when you are done
2. Do not wander the room bothering other
tables-work at your table
Closure
Mapping Pressure
What are isobars?
Iso=
Bars=
• http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstrea
m/synoptic/ll_analyze_slp.htm
• Use the site above (in my links) and the provided map (air pressure map
activity directions) to map isobars.
Air vortex cannon
•
The Bernoulli Principle states that as air picks up speed, air pressure drops. This means that the air
in the ring is at a lower pressure than the air on all sides around it. This causes the air around it to
push inwards, like a giant mold, keeping the torus together as it moves. And so, smoke rings jet
around, amusing and entertaining all.
•
When the membrane is released, it creates an increase of pressure inside the cannon. Since there
is a hole for the air to escape, the air is able to leave the cannon, but it is moving fast and that air
mixes with the still air outside the cannon. This forms an air vortex.
There is higher air pressure on the outside of the ring and low air pressure on the inside, making
the ring spin, keeping it together and allowing it to continue to advance.
Eventually, the ring breaks up because there is too much friction between the fast-moving and still
air molecules.
This imbalance of pressure is an example of Bernoulli's Principle and is also the reason why planes
fly.
Honors Mini project





Due next Friday as the test grade
Test will count as a quiz grade
This week, gather weather reports daily through Sunday
Next week, learn about weather mapping and create your own
forecast.
Present your forecast on Friday to the class in the style of a
meteorologist
Review-from yesterday
• What are the layers of the atmosphere from bottom to top?
• Which layers of the atmosphere increase in temperature as you go upward
(with altitude)?
• Which layers of the atmosphere decrease in temperature as you go upward
(with altitude)?
• Where is: the ozone layer, weather, the magnetosphere, airplanes,
people/life, satellites, meteors burning up
• What is the composition of our current atmosphere?
• What are the minor gases in our atmosphere?
Air pressure demonstrations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ping pong funnel
Can you lift paper?
Can you blow paper into a soda bottle?
What happens to a marshmallow when your remove all
the air from around it (change the air pressure)?
Cartesian diver
Air cannon?
Balloon in a bottle activity
Build a barometer
Leaky bottle
Balloon attraction
Physical properties of the
atmosphere: Temperature
Troposphere is:
Lowermost part of the
atmosphere
Where most weather
occurs
Temperature of
troposphere cools
with increasing
altitude
Figure 6-4
Physical properties of the
atmosphere: Water vapor
Cool air cannot hold much water vapor, so
is typically dry
Warm air can hold more water vapor, so is
typically moist
Water vapor decreases the density of air
Physical properties of the
atmosphere: Density
Warm, low density
air rises
Cool, high density air
sinks
Creates circularmoving loop of air
(convection cell)
Figure 6-5
Physical properties of the
atmosphere: Pressure
A column of cool,
dense air causes high
pressure at the
surface, which will
lead to sinking air
A column of warm,
less dense air causes
low pressure at the
surface, which will
lead to rising air
Figure 6-6
Why is pressure important
Pressure. Why is it so important? Because
imbalances in air pressure cause wind and
weather
Isobars are those lines on a weather map
joining together places with the same
surface pressure.
The shape of the isobars describes the
weather pattern, so changes in the weather
can be forecast by tracking the changing
isobar pattern or by observing pressure
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=
sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxtc25v
d2Frc3N0ZW04fGd4OjMxZjk4YjhhMzBhNTll
NmI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtWlA
wSAPNE
Measurement
Pressure is measured in millibars
Pressure is measured using a barometer
Physical properties of the
atmosphere: Movement
Air always moves from high-pressure
regions toward low-pressure regions
Moving air is called wind
Review
• 1. Which layer of earth’s atmosphere has the most air pressure?
• 2. Pressure on the top of a mountain is (less, more ) than at sea
level?
• 3. What instrument do meteorologists use to measure pressure?
• 4. What units are used to measure pressure?
• 5. Air moves from __________pressure to___________pressure.
• 6. Air moves___________________around high pressure and air
moves ______________________around low pressure.
• 7. Warm air rises and cold air sinks because of differences in
____________.
Warm up
• Your warm up is at your desk
• Remember, warm up time is a time to be
quiet (below the music), be seated, and
working
• Phones need to be away when the bell rings