Transcript Climate - wikifuller

Climate
4 days of notes
Topic: Latitude & Climate
• Objectives:
– I will know what climate is
– I will know how latitude affects climate
– I will know where deserts and rainforests
are found
Climate!?
• Remember, weather is daily
changes in temperature and
precipitation
• If you were to travel around the
world, you would experience a
variety of climates
• Climate is the characteristic
weather for a certain region
• For example, a rain forest is
generally wet year round and a
desert is usually dry year round
• The wettest rain forest receives
more than 1165cm of rain a
year, while a desert receives
less than 25cm of rain per year
What is Climate?
• Climate is the _____weather for a region
over a long period of time
• It measures _____(yearly) changes in
_______ and ______(how hot or how wet
a region is)
• Climate is affected by:
-latitude
-elevation
-proximity to water such as oceans
-topography (mountains)
Answer Bank
warm
temperature
average
precipitation
annual
indirect
23.5º
Angle of Insolation
Affects Climate
30o
60o
angle
30o
60o
angle
0o
90o
angle
30o
60o
Latitude Affects Climate
Tropic Zones
• Because latitudes
near the equator
receive high angle
direct sunlight, they
are heated more
and have warmer
climates
• These latitudes are
known as the
tropics and lie
between 0 and 23.5
degrees latitude
• The tropics
Experience warm
climates year round
23.5o
0o
23.5o
Latitude Affects Climate
Temperate Zones
• As we move farther
from the equator
temperatures start to
get colder
• The temperate zones
are located between
23.5º and 66.5º
latitude
• Temperate zones
have climates that
can be both warm
and cold —or
moderate year round
• We live in the
temperate zone—
cold winters and
warm summers
66.5o
23.5o
0o
23.5o
66.5o
Latitude Affects Climate
Polar Zones 90
o
• As latitude increases
even farther, we start to
move closer to the
poles
• At 66.5 º north and
south of the equator lie
the polar zones Solar
energy hits the polar
zones at a low angle
(less direct), spreading
the same amount of
energy over a larger
area
• Also polar ice reflects
some of this solar
energy (radiation)
• Polar zones are cold
year round
66.5o
23.5o
0o
23.5o
66.5o
90o
How does latitude affect climate?
• As we move farther from the equator
temperatures get colder
Tropic zones are located between 0º and
_____ latitude and have ____ climates year
round-- Ex: rain forest, deserts
Temperate zones are located between 23.5º
and _____ latitude and have both warm
and cold climates-- Ex: Maritime, Mediterranean
Polar Zones are located between 66.5º and
____ latitude and have _____climates year
round— Ex: Artic, Tundra, Ice cap
Answer Bank
warm
66.5º
Cold (2)
90º
round
indirect
23.5º
Latitude Effects Climate
Desert
Here, climates
air is sinking
are located
Creating
High Pressure
at around
30º
(Sunny weather)
North latitude
30º North Latitude
Why?
Equator 0º Latitude
Why?
Tropical climates
Here, airare
is located
rising near
(doldrums)
30º South Latitude
creating
pressure
the low
equator
(Cloudy,
weather)
0ºRainy
latitude
Desert
climates
Here, air is sinking
are located
Creating High Pressure
at around 30º
(Sunny weather)
South latitude
Warm Humid Tropical air
Rises at the Doldrums
Oo latitude -- Equator
30º North Latitude
Whenever air rises,
clouds form and we
Get precipitation
Low Pressure
Here we get tropical
rainforests
Equator 0º Latitude
Air sinks at 30o
Latitude creating sunny
High Pressure
Here we get Deserts
30º South Latitude
What latitude are Rainforests
and Deserts found at???
• ____ are located at ___º Latitude
(equator) air rises (low pressure)
• ______ are found at around ___º Latitudeair sinks (High pressure)
Answer Bank
Deserts
30º
direct
Rainforest
warm
0
Summarize:
30o
angle
60o
angle
1) The angle of _____ affects climate
2) High angle (90o) rays strike at the
equator creating ____ tropical
climates and low angle
rays create ____ climates
o
60
3) Wet Tropical
climates are found
at ___ latitude and
30o deserts are found at
___ latitude
0o
90o
Answer Bank
angle
30o
60o
30o
warm
Insolation
0o
cooler
Topic: Factors that Affect Climate
• Objectives:
– I will know how elevation, mountains,
continents, large bodies of water and
ocean currents affect climate
Are We Done? No!
• As it turns out, classifying climate types is
more complex
• It is true that as we move farther from the
equator it gets colder, easy right?
• Unfortunately, it is not this simple
• If our world had no mountains, oceans,
and seasons, then we could stop now
• As we know, our world does have
mountains, oceans, and seasons—all of
which change the worlds climate
Mountains, Seasons, Oceans, and
Continents
making things difficult!
Elevation Affects Climate
• If you were go skiing, you might notice
something as your elevation increased
• At one point, you probably noticed snow on the
side of the road
• This is because as your elevation increased, the
temperature decreased
(as you get higher, it gets colder)
• Therefore, cities like Denver
which are higher in elevation
have cold or cooler climates
How does elevation effect climate?
• Because temperatures
decrease with elevation,
(as you get higher, it gets colder)
• High ______ climates
are _____than low lying
areas
Answer Bank
Elevation
warm
humid
hot
tropical
desert
Cooler(2)
Condenses
cold
Rain Shadows
As the air continues to
The Windward side
rise, it cools to theThe Leeward side
of Mountains have
Freezing point dropping
of Mountains have
wet moist climatessnowflakes dry desert climates
The mountain forces the air to
rise, as it rises, it cools below
The Dew point forming
Condensation, clouds and rain
Moist air from
Dew Point
over the ocean
Moves in over
the land (wind)
Sacramento
The air is now dry
Having lost it’s moisture
The dry air flows over the
mountain, creating
a desert on the
Leeward side of
Lake
the mountain
Tahoe
Reno
San Francisco
Pacific
Ocean
Windward
Leeward
How do Mountains Affect climate?
• Mountains create Answer Bank
Elevation
rain shadows
warm
humid
• Mountains force Windward(2)
hot
moist air up
tropical
where it ____and desert
Cooler
drops its
Please draw and label:
Condenses
Leeward
-Windward side (wet side)
moisture on the
cold
-Leeward side (dry side)
_____side
• The climate on the _____windward side is wet
and cool
• And the climate on the _____ leeward side is
dry and desert like
Large Bodies of Water Effect Climate
• Coastal regions like that of the
bay area experience a cooler,
more humid climate
• For example, San Francisco
has a cool climate year round,
never getting extremely hot or
extremely cold
• Why?
• Because the Pacific Ocean
keeps the temperatures
moderate all year long,
therefore, San Francisco even
in the summer stays cool!
Climate Graphs
How does the ocean effect San
Francisco's climate
Sacramento
San Francisco
How do large bodies of water effect climate?
• _____ create
cooler, wetter,
more
____climates
Ex: San
Francisco,
Hawaii
Answer Bank
Elevation
warm
humid
Windward
hot
desert
Cooler(2)
Condenses
oceans
cold
Honolulu, Hawaii
Ocean Currents & Climate
• Ocean currents are
either warm or cold
• Because of this,
ocean currents also
affect coastal
climate
• Warm currents
from the equator
create warm
climates
• Cold ocean
currents from the
poles create cold
climates
Warm currents
Cold currents
Iceland: Hot or Cold?
• With a name like
Iceland, what do you
think the climate of
Iceland is like?
• What do you think the
climate is like?
• Well, as it turns out,
Iceland is not as cold
as you think
• Why is this?
Iceland: Hot or Cold?
• Iceland receives
water from a
warm ocean
current called
the Gulf Stream
• Because the
ocean current is
warm, the
climate of
Iceland is also
warm
Warm currents
Cold currents
How do Ocean Currents affect Climate?
• Warm ocean
currents create Answer Bank
Elevation
___climates
warm
humid
Windward
• Cold ocean
hot
currents create desert
Cooler(2)
Condenses
___climates
• Ex: Iceland,
England & the Gulf
Stream current
Leeward
cold
Warm currents
Cold currents
Continental Climates
• Cities which are
located in the middle
of continents
experience freezing
winters and hot
summers
• Therefore, cities like
Chicago experience
dramatic temperature
fluctuations over the
coarse of a year:
Hot summers and
Cold winters
Continental Climates
-40o
• Observe the behavior -20o
of temperature as -10o
they cross over the o
North American 5o0
Continent
o
-30o
10
• How Do
temperatures
increase or
decrease as
they cross a
continent???
15o
20o
25o
Winter
30o
What happens to the temperature
where continents exist???
Pangea Climate
• Remember the super
continent Pangea
• One plausible theory on
the extinction of the
dinosaurs was that an
extreme continental climate
killed them
• Pangea’s climate would
have experienced
extremely hot summers
and extremely cold winters
How do Continents affect climate?
• Continental climates
(FAR FROM THE OCEAN)
experience VERY
____winters and
VERY ____summers
• Extreme seasons
• Ex: Chicago,
Pangaea
Answer Bank
Elevation
warm
humid
hot
tropical
desert
Cooler(2)
Condenses
cold
Summarize:
Answer Bank
Currents
Water
Seasons
Rain shadows
England
Cooler
warm
Factors that
influence climate
Large bodies of____
Create ____more humid
Climates
Mountains create
______ _______
Ex. Reno
Ex. San Francisco
Continents create
Extreme ______
Ex. Chicago
Warm Ocean _____
Create____climates
Ex. Iceland &_______
Topic: Climate types, Seasons
& Climate Change
• Objectives:
– I will know the six basic climate types
– I will know how the season are created
– I will understand how catastrophic events
have changed earth’s climate in the past
Climate Classification
• How should we
classify climates?
• As it turns out,
climates are
classified by
temperature and
precipitation (how hot
or wet a place is)
• There are 6 basic
climate types:
• Climate types include: Tropical Climates,
Mild Climates, Dry Climates, Continental
Climates, Polar, High Elevation Climates
What are the 6 basic climate types?
• _______Climates (warm and humid)
• Temperate Climates- (hot summers, cool winters)
– 2 types
– Maritime (coastal)
– _________ (inland)
•
•
•
•
Answer Bank
Elevation
Away
Volcanic
Mediterranean
glaciers
toward
tropical
Arid
(Dry)
tilt
Polar
(hot summers, cold winters)
Meteorite
_____Desert Climates
Continental Climates
_____Climates (cold)
High ______Climates (cold and wet)
• Seasons are a natural
change in the earth’s
climate
• Seasons change climate by
a change in daylight,
temperature, and weather
patterns
• These changes or
variations have to do with
the amount of solar
radiation (energy) we
receive from the sun
Seasons
• Because the earth revolves around the sun tilted
on its side, different parts of the earth receive
varying amounts of sunlight during the coarse of
a year
• This changes our weather, temperature and the
amount of daylight
Season Demo
Winter
Summer
(Less sunlight)
(More sunlight)
Summer
Winter
(Less sunlight)
(More sunlight)
What are Seasons?
• Seasons are short term periods of
climate change
• Seasons are the
result of earth’s
____ on it’s axis
Answer Bank
Elevation
Away
Volcanic
weaken
glaciers
toward
tropical
Arid
tilt
eastward
Meteorite
Factors that effect Climate
• Each year, we receive our seasons which give us
predictable, fairly constant weather
• However, our earth was not always like this
• Geologic records show that in the past, climate
changed
• In the past 2 million years, glaciers have covered
large parts of the earth’s surface
• These periods of extensive glacier cover are
called ice ages
• Ice Ages are periods when much of our earth was
covered by huge sheets of ice called glaciers
Ice Ages
• Throughout the
past 3 million
years, ice ages
have come and
gone
• Right now, we are
coming out of an
ice age
• We call periods between Ice ages Interglacial
intervals
• We go in and out of glacial periods on
average about every 20 to 35 thousand years
What are Ice Ages?
• Ice Ages are periods when
much of our earth was
covered by huge sheets of
ice called______
• We have been coming out
of an ice age for the last
20,000-35,000 years
Answer Bank
Elevation
Away
Volcanic
Mediterranean
glaciers
toward
tropical
Arid
tilt
Polar
Meteorite
What Causes Climate Change?
• Why does our earth’s temperature fluctuate,
bringing about colder periods (Ice Ages) and
warmer periods?
• Climate change on a global scale may have to
do with catastrophic events
• These catastrophic events may have altered the
amount of solar energy (radiation) we receive
from the sun
• Does anybody know what kind of catastrophic
events could cause a change in the earth’s
climate?
Catastrophic Events
& Climate Change
• Catastrophic events such as large
meteorite impacts and volcanic eruptions
put enormous amounts of dust, ash, and
smoke into the atmosphere
• These dust, ash, and smoke particles
could have blocked enough solar radiation
that it could have had a cooling effect on
the planet—changing its climate!
Volcanic
Eruptions
• If enough volcanic
eruptions were to
occur at or near the
same time, the
results could have
a major effect on
the earth’s climate
• In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted
• It put enough volcanic ash in our atmosphere to change
temperatures and climates around the world
Red areas show where ash cover
was at its maximum
Mt. Pinatubo: The eruption that
changed earth’s climate
Meteorite Impacts
• Geologic Evidence shows
that huge meteorite impacts may have
also contributed to climate change
• Just like volcanic eruptions, a meteorite
impact would also put enormous
amounts of dust and smoke into the
atmosphere, blocking solar radiation
What are 2 catastrophic events
that could alter earth’s climate?
• _____eruptions and
_____impacts are two
catastrophic events that
could block solar radiation
from entering the earth,
creating a cooling effect on
the planet—changing its
climate!
Answer Bank
Elevation
Away
Volcanic
Mediterranean
glaciers
toward
tropical
Arid
tilt
Polar
Meteorite
Summarize
• In Figure 1, it is _____ in the northern
hemisphere and _____ in the southern
hemisphere
• The northern hemisphere is receiving ____
hours of sunlight and the southern
hemisphere is receiving ____ hours of
sunlight
• Seasons are caused by the ____ ____.
• Major climate changes could be caused
_____ eruptions or meteorite ____.
Fig. 1
Answer Bank
Summer
volcanic
Earth’s tilt
Winter
impacts
less
more
Topic: Humans and
Climate Change
• Objectives:
– I will know how carbon circulates through
our earth (carbon cycle)
– I will know what the greenhouse effect is
and how humans are making it worse
– I will what global warming is and it’s
consequences
Carbon
Comes
in Different
Forms:
Carbon
Changes
Form:
Pure
Carbon
is CO
Carbon
in
LifeAir
Plants
and
Trees
take
in
Over
time,
Carbon
isisanimals
in
the
2
(animals,
plants
&
trees)
also
in
the
ground
The Burning
of Trees
and
and
plants
dieFossil Fuels
Through
Photosynthesis
inInthe
form
of
CO
2
the
forms
of
In
the
form
ofCO
becoming
fossil
fuels
(Coal
and
Oil)
release
It is converted
into Oxygen O
Carbohydrates
Rock, coal and oil 2 2
back intoCoal,
the atmosphere
Oil C H O
and Carbohydrates
C
(Fossil
fuels)
6H12O
6 6 12 6
CO2+ H2O  O2 + C6H12O6
What is the Carbon Cycle?
• The movement, circulation and
______of carbon through out the
earth (air, ground and life) in the
form of CO2 in the air, carbohydrates
in Life and fossil fuels in the earth 2
Answer Bank
Gases
storage
Pollution
change
methane
Trapping
sea
Carbon dioxide
Carbon Cycle and Humans
• Today the carbon cycle is out of balance due to
the burning of trees which remove carbon or
CO2 from the air
• Moreover, cars and factories burn fossil fuels
(coal, oil) which release more Carbon Dioxide
(CO2 ) into our air
How are Humans affecting
the Carbon Cycle?
• The carbon cycle is out of
balance due to the burning of
trees or _______ and coal, oil
(fossil fuels) which release
CO2 into our atmosphere
Answer Bank
Gases
greenhouse
Pollution
change
methane
Trapping
sea
deforestation
Humans and Climate Change
• Today, many newspapers and
magazine headlines warn us about
the greenhouse effect and global
warming
• These two things are related but not
the same thing
• Humans may be altering the earth’s
climate by speeding up the green
house effect by pumping billions of
tons of greenhouse gases into our
atmosphere every year
Greenhouse Effect
• The greenhouse effect is
natural heating caused by
gases in our atmosphere
trapping or absorbing heat
• Carbon dioxide, water
vapor and methane are the
main greenhouse gas
responsible for trapping
much of that heat
• Venus has a major greenhouse effect because its
atmosphere is made mostly of Carbon Dioxide
• The greenhouse effect is similar to what is happening on
the inside of your car on a hot summer day
Greenhouse Effect
These
greenhouse
gases
The
earth’s
surface
radiates
heat
Solar
About
Energy
1%
of
from
earth’s
the
atmosphere
sun
(radiation)
As we humans add more Greenhouse Gases
(COback
andatmosphere
water
vapor)
waves
our
2, methane,
passes
made
through
of into
greenhouse
the
atmosphere
gases:
(COis
,
methane,
water
vapor)
to
our
2
absorb
or warms
trap
this
heat,
keeping
Some
heat
escapes
(CO
and
water
the
vapor)
earth
2, methane,
atmosphere,
global
temperatures
will rise
our atmosphere warm
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
• Natural heating caused by ____in
our atmosphere _____heat, keeping
our planet warm
• _____ ______(CO2), water vapor
and _____are the main greenhouse
gas responsible for trapping heat
• The use of _____ fuels has made
the greenhouse effect worsetrapping more heat
Answer Bank
Gases
greenhouse
fossil
change
methane
Trapping
sea
Carbon dioxide
Global Warming
•
•
•
•
•
Simply put, global
warming simply means
global temperatures are
rising
One reason for global
warming is the increase in
greenhouse gases in our
atmosphere
If the average
temperature continues to
rise, ice caps will melt,
low lying areas will
experience flooding
Ice caps are already
beginning to break apart,
causing a rise in sea level
Should you be concerned
if you lived on the east
coast or gulf coast areas?
Sea Level Rise
• What an 8 foot
rise in sea level
would look like!
Mt. Kilimanjaro: Before & After
• Before: Mt. Kilimanjaro in 1976
• After: Mt. Kilimanjaro in 2006
Glaciers Melting—Before and After
North Ice Cap—Before and After
• Before: North Pole Ice Cap in 1976
• After: North Pole Ice Cap today
What If?
• So what if the theory of global warming isn’t true
and skeptics are right???
• What if the 99.9% of the scientist’s who accept
global warming are wrong?
• But consider this:
-What’s the worst that could happen?
-We clean our air
-We clean our water
-We create more clean energy jobs, jobs of
the future
-We no longer see environmental damage
like oil spills and potential loss of life
What is Global Warming?
• A rise in global temperatures
due to an increase in _____
gases, mainly (CO2 )
• A small increase in global
temperatures can result in
–
–
–
–
–
–
climate ____
melted glaciers
rise in ___ level
Increase in global disease
More animal extinction
Increase in droughts and floods
Answer Bank
Gases
greenhouse
Pollution
change
methane
Trapping
sea
Carbon dioxide
Summary
• A gas that increases the greenhouse
effect is _____.
• The ________ effect is the natural
heating caused by gases in our
atmosphere absorbing _____,
keeping our planet warm
• When gas, oil, and coal are burned,
_____ is released into the atmosphere
Answer Bank
Greenhouse
heat
atmosphere
(2)CO2