Transcript weather andclimate global review

Intro to Weather Clip
Weather by Brainpop
1) What cycle is the basis of our
weather?
2) What causes precipitation to
occur?
3) Where do storms usually occur?
Weather

Temporary behavior of atmosphere (what’s going on at
any certain time)

Small geographic area

Can change rapidly
Weather
--The study of weather is meteorology
--Someone who studies weather is called a
meteorologist
Climate Types by Brainpop
1.What is climate?
2.Where are tropical
climates most likely to be?
3.What does “arid” mean?
Climate

Long-term behavior of atmosphere (100+ years)

Large geographic area

Very slow to change
POLAR
90o -60o latitude
Cool summers, cold year-round
Dry
TEMPERATE
60o-30o latitude
True Seasons
Variety of climate patterns
Moderate precipitation
(rain/snow)
TROPICAL
30o - equator
No winter, warm year-round
High temp, rainfall, humidity
What Factors Affect
Weather & Climate?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Sun
The Water Cycle
The Atmosphere
The Ocean
How Does the Sun
Affect Weather?
It warms the atmosphere & oceans
It creates climate zones
It keeps the water cycle going
It affects weather patterns
REVIEW
Define weather:
Temporary behavior of the atmosphere, small area,
and rapid change
Define climate:
Long term behavior of atmosphere, large area, and
slow change
What four factors affect the weather
Sun, atmosphere, water cycle, and oceans
How Does the Sun
Affect Weather?
Radiation:
energy
transferred as
waves
The Sun and Weather
BrainPOP
How Does the Sun Affect Weather?
Conduction:
energy
transferred when
molecules bump
together
The heat makes the copper atoms
vibrate faster. These atoms in turn
make the atoms near them
vibrate faster. In this way the
heat energy is gradually
transferred along the rod from
the hot end towards the cooler
end.
Good conductors of heat: Copper, gold,
Aluminium
Insulators (poor conductors): Wood, plastic, glass,
china, cork
A saucepan is made of aluminium or copper
which is a good conductor of heat. The handle is
made of plastic or wood which is a poor
conductor
How Does the Sun Affect Weather?
Convection: transfer of heat by FLOW of material;
happens after the other two…
The Sun and Weather
The Sun and Weather
The Sun and Weather
The Sun and Weather
REFOCUS
Three types of heating:
Radiation
Convection
conduction
REVIEW
Define weather
Three types of climates
Three types of energy
transference
The Water Cycle by Brainpop
1) What process must happen for clouds to
form?
2) What is “collection”?
3) Name one way to conserve water.
The Water Cycle
All the water on the planet is recycled in this manner!
Parts of the Cycle
Evaporation—Water going from a liquid to a
gas (gains energy from the sun)
Evaporation
Parts of the Cycle
*Transpiration—evaporation of water from/out of
plants. Locate this on the diagram!
transpiration
Parts of the Cycle
Condensation—Water going from a gas to a liquid (cools or
loses energy)
 When this happens in the atmosphere, CLOUDS form.
Parts of the Cycle
Precipitation—when water falls out the
atmosphere. Forms when the water droplets in
clouds become too heavy to stay up.
Rain Clip
How Hail is Formed
Parts of the Cycle
Collection- Water collects into streams,
rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans.
The Water Cycle
Water Cycle by Brainpop
Earth’s Atmsophere by Brainpop
1. What is ozone?
2. What layer of the atmosphere
does weather occur in?
3. What 2 gases compose the
most of Earth’s Atmosphere?
How does the atmosphere affect weather?
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the
Earth
Has five different layers; each has different properties
We’ll label them in just a minute…
Air Temperature and Pressure change with altitude
Weather occurs in the layer closest to Earth (troposphere)
Write in the labels!
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Ionosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Ozone layer
Fronts
= places where air masses
meet
4 Types: Warm, Cold,
Occluded, Stationary
Each kind can bring
different kinds of weather
Air Masses
= body of air with a certain temperature
and moisture level
Can be warm or cold
Can contain a lot of moisture or not a lot
of moisture
Short Heavy Rains
Long Rains
Occluded Front:
Stationary Front:
Drying of Air Mass
Gentile Winds Light Rains
•http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/crclm/act/gifs/fpr2.gif
•http://www.mesoscale.iastate.edu/agron206/animations/05_cnWfronts.html
REVIEW
Humidity by Brainpop
1. What single factor controls humidity?
2. What temperature air can hold the most water
molecules?
3. What causes water to evaporate into the atmosphere?
Relative Humidity
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
Measure of the amount of moisture in the air
compared to what the air could hold
How “full” of water the air is
Expressed as %
100% relative humidity = saturated air
Relative Humidity Test Applet
http://itg1.meteor.wisc.edu/wxwise/relhum/rhac.html
Relative Humidity
Controlled by temperature
1. Warm air holds more moisture than cool air (more space for
water vapor between air molecules)
2. As air warms, relative humidity decreases
3. As air cools, relative humidity increases
Dew Point

=Temperature at which the air is saturated (100% relative
humidity)
Several events can occur when the dew point temp. is reached:
1. If dew point temp. is above freezing:
a. water vapor condenses
as liquid
b. dew will form on surfaces
c. cloud droplets will form in air
Humidity Clip
Dew Point
2. If dew point temp. is below freezing:
a. water vapor condenses as a solid
b. frost on surfaces
c. snow (or hail) in the air
Rainbows

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Caused by sunshine on raindrops
White light (all colors) is refracted (bent) into colors as it
enters and exits the drop
To see a rainbow you must have the sun behind you
and raindrops in the air
Diagram:
BrainPOP
Rainbow by Brainpop
How does Air Pressure affect weather?
How much the earth’s atmosphere is pressing down on us
Measured with a BAROMETER
If it CHANGES, then new weather
is on the way:
Falling Air Pressure = stormy weather coming
Rising Air Pressure = fair weather coming
Steady Air Pressure = no change is coming
Animations
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/co
ntent/visualizations/es1902/es1902page01.cfm?chapter_
no=visualization
How does the Ocean affect weather?
Ocean currents affect the temperature of the land they
pass by
Cold ocean currents = cooling effect
Warm ocean currents = warming effect
Temperature changes affect pressure – which then creates
WINDS
Winds blow this cooling or warming effect over the land
http://earth.rice.edu/MTPE/hydro/hydrosphere/topics/Ocean_Atm_Circ_ElNino.mov
http://www.wunderground.com/MAR/
Ocean Circulation
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/co
ntent/visualizations/es2401/es2401page01.cfm?chapter_
no=visualization
Winds = created from differences in air
pressure
Moves from areas of HIGH to LOW pressure
Greater the difference in pressure, the FASTER the wind
blows
Measured with wind vanes and anemometers or you
can estimate with the Beaufort Wind Scale
BrainPOP
Land & Sea Breezes
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/t
erc/content/visualizations/es1903/es1903page01
.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Global Winds
Thousands of kilometers long; can cause
weather to move in different directions
Jet stream, prevailing westerlies, doldrums,
horse latitudes, trade winds
Global Winds
Caused by the temperature difference in different
regions
Hot Tropical Regions—causes air to rise
 Cold polar Regions—causes air to sink


http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw3/eBridge/Chp
29/animations/ch29/global_wind_circulation.swf
Global Winds
Also affected by Earth’s Spin
Coriolis Effect = causes winds to curve to the right in
the N. Hemisphere; to the left in the S. Hemisphere
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/
visualizations/es1904/es1904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visuali
zation
Color in the chart…
NORTH EASTERLIES
HORSE LATITUDES
NE TRADE WINDS
HORSE LATITUDES
PREVAILING WESTERLIES
DOLDRUMS
SE TRADE WINDS
PREVAILING WESTERLIES
SOUTH EASTERLIES
Where is the Jet Stream?
Winds by Brainpop
1. What does warm air do?
2. What do you call winds that blow all
the time in the same part of the world?
3. What are jet streams?
Thunderstorms
Requires a mature cumulonimbus cloud
Signs
a.
b.
c.
Sudden reversal of wind direction
Noticeable increase in wind speed
Sudden drop in temperature
Thunderstorms
Possible weather:
a. heavy rains (flash floods)
b. lightning (forest fires)
c. thunder (frightens animals)
d. hail (crop damage)
e. tornadoes
f. strong, gusty winds
Thunderstorm by Brainpop
Safety Rules
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Stay indoors
Prepare for lightning, strong winds
Listen on radio/TV for tornado watch/warning
Thunderstorms don’t last long
Lightning Storm
Cumulonimbus cloud becomes electrically charged and
ground below has opposite charge
Lightning stroke: flow of current thru air (a poor
conductor) from the – to the +
Lightning can flow from cloud to ground, cloud to cloud,
and from ground to cloud
Bright light is caused by glowing air molecules heated by
the current
Lightning follows the path of least resistance (easiest way
to positive)
Lightning rod offers lightning an easy, safe path to the
ground (+)
Thunder is the shock wave caused by the explosive expansion of
heated air
Sound travels @ about 1100 ft/sec in air
5,280 ft in one mile
Distance from you to lightning = number of seconds between
seeing the flash and hearing the thunder divided by 5.
(5,280 ft / 1100 ft/sec = 5 seconds)
Safety rules for lightning storms
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Stay indoors
Stay away from anything that conducts electricity (stove, sink,
telephone, TV)
Get out of the water and off of small boats
Stay away from open doors, windows, fireplaces
Stay in your car (very safe place to be)
Don’t stand under lone trees or in open places
Avoid hilltops
If your hair stands on end, or your skin tingles, drop to the
ground but try to keep as little contact with the ground as
possible
Tornado
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Counterclockwise column of rotating air extending from
cumulonimbus cloud
Per square foot, is the most destructive atmospheric event
Rated by wind speed (F1 to F5)
“Tornado season” = April, May, June
Tornadoes that form over water are called “waterspouts”
Behavior of a tornado is unpredictable
Typical tornado will:
1. Occur between 3-7 pm
2. Travel 4 miles
3. Be 300-400 m wide
4. Travel 25-40 mi/hour
5. Have wind speeds up to 300 mi/hr
6. Produce extremely low pressure
7. Be dark due to debris picked up
Tornado by Brainpop
Safety Rules
1.
2.
Rule #1: Take immediate action!
Move away from tornado’s path
Tornado’s path
Move away at a right angle
3. Lie flat in nearest ditch, etc.
4. At home
a. open windows, doors
b. seek shelter in basement or under heavy table in
middle of house
On the trail of a tornado
Tropical Cyclone
Nicknames
1. Atlantic: hurricane
2. SE Asia, Japan: typhoon
3. Australia: willy-willy
4. Indian Ocean: cyclone
Tropical Cyclone
Rated by wind speed (category 1 to 5)
Starts and grows over warm ocean water
Composed of bands of thunderstorms spiraling
counterclockwise around a low pressure center
Characteristics
Several hundred miles wide
Last many days (even weeks)
Winds from 74-200 mi/hr
Contains an “eye”
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Hurricanes by Brainpop
Small region of low pressure
Surrounded by highest winds
Calm, peaceful, sunny weather
Last for about 1 hour as hurricane passes by
Safety Rules
Prepare for high winds
Prepare for flooding
(greatest source of damage)
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a.
b.
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Up to 20 in. of rain
Flooding by coastal water
3. Prepare for thunderstorms
4. Have on hand stored food, water, blankets, candles,
matches, radio, etc.
5. Seek shelter
Hurricanes Clip
WHAT IS CLIMATE?
The behavior of the atmosphere over a long
period of time.
Large geographical area.
Slow to change.
Climatic Change
Seasons
El Nino and La Nina
Climatic Change
What Causes Climate Change
Climatic Change
Global Warming
Climatic Change
Carbon Cycle
Land Biomes by BrainpPOP
1.What is a Biome?
2.What Biomes are at the
equator?
3.How can biomes change?
Biomes
Aquatic = Two basic regions
Marine and Freshwater
Desert = Four basic types
Hot and Dry, Semiarid, Coastal, and Cold
Forest = Three major types of forests, classed according to latitude:
Tropical, Temperate, and Boreal forests (taiga)
Grassland = Two main divisions of grasslands:
Tropical grasslands, called savannas, and temperate grasslands.
Tundra = Two types:
Arctic tundra and Alpine tundra
Aquatic
Water is the common link among the five
biomes.
Makes up the largest part of the biosphere.
Covers nearly 75% of the Earth’s surface.
Desert
Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth’s surface
and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year
There are few large mammals in deserts because
most are not capable of storing sufficient water.
Forest
Today, forests occupy approximately one-third of Earth’s
land area,
Tropical forests= Greatest diversity of species
Temperate Forests= Well-defined seasons.
Boreal forests, or taiga= Largest terrestrial biome.
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Occurring between 50 and 60 degrees north latitudes
Grassland
Grasslands are characterized as lands dominated by grasses rather
than large shrubs or trees.
Savanna is grassland with scattered individual trees.
Temperate grasslands are characterized as having grasses as the
dominant vegetation. Trees and large shrubs are absent.
Tundra
Extremely cold climate
Low biotic diversity
Simple vegetation structure
Short season of growth
ADAPTATION
Organisms adapt to there environment
Adaptations can be structural or
behavioral
Some structural adaptations are HAIR, and
PINE NEEDLES
 Some behavioral adaptations are
HIBERNATION, ESTIVATION, and
SWEATING

Hibernation
European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
metabolic depression in animals, characterized by
lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower
metabolic rate.
Hibernating animals conserve food, especially during
winter when food is short, tapping energy reserves,
body fat, at a slow rate.
ESTIVATION
Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)
Sleeps 7 months out of the year
the lemur does not control its body temperature
while hibernating.
Like other fat-tailed lemurs, is able to store fat in its
tail, and this provides a source of energy during its
period of dormancy.