Transcript Chapter 22 Standards

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Chapter 22.3 Notes
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Chapter 22 Standards
4a. Students know the relative amount of incoming solar energy
compared with Earth’s internal energy and the energy used
by society.
4b. Students know the fate of incoming solar radiation in terms of
reflection, absorption, and photosynthesis.
4c. Students know the different atmospheric gases that absorb
the Earth’s thermal radiation and the mechanism and
significance of the greenhouse effect.
5a. Students know how differential heating of Earth results in
circulation patterns in the atmosphere and oceans that
globally distribute the heat.
5b. Students know the relationship between the rotation of Earth
and the circular motions of ocean currents and air in
pressure centers.
5c. Students know the origin and effects of temperature
inversions.
6c. Students know how Earth’s climate has changed over time,
corresponding to changes in Earth’s geography,
atmospheric composition, and other factors, such as solar
radiation and plate movement.
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Chapter 22.3 – The Atmosphere
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I. 22.1 & 22.2 Review
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A. The Atmosphere
1. What is it?
a. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that
surrounds Earth.
2. What is it made of?
a. A mixture of chemical elements and compounds
commonly called air.
3. What is the purpose of it?
a. Protects Earth’s surface from the sun’s radiation
and helps regulate Earth’s temperature.
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B. The Composition of Atmosphere
1. The most abundant elements in air are
nitrogen, oxygen, and argon gases.
2. The two most abundant compounds in
air are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
vapor (H2O).
3. There are also tiny solid particles called
particulates.
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C. Layers of the Atmosphere
1. Altitude is the height above the earth’s
surface.
2. There are temperature differences with
increasing altitude.
3. Based on the temperature differences,
scientists identify four layers of the
atmosphere:
-troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,
and thermosphere (ionosphere &
exosphere)
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D. Temperature Inversion
1.
In the troposphere, temperature
usually decreases with an
increase in altitude.
a. Warm air is closer to Earth’s
surface and the cooler layer is
on top.
2.
Temperature inversion is a
weather condition where the
layering of warm air is on top of
cool air.
a. Cool air is closer to Earth’s
surface and the warm layer is
on top.
3.
Effect of temperature inversion is
that it can make air pollution
worse by “trapping” that pollution.
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Temperature Inversion
E. Energy in the Atmosphere
1. Energy = Heat = Warmth from the Sun
2. Our atmosphere gets heated in three
ways:
a. Radiation is the energy that earth receives
from the sun.
b. Conduction is the heating that occurs
because molecules in a substance move
faster as they become heated; the closer the
molecules the warmer the heat.
c. Convection is the process by which air, or
other matter, rises or sinks because of
differences in temperature.
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3. Not all radiation is absorbed by the
Earth’s atmosphere.
a. about 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere
b. about 30% is scattered into space or is
reflected from the clouds or earth’s surface.
c. about 50% is absorbed by earth’s surface.
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F. Absorption and Infrared Energy
1. The sun constantly releases radiation.
2. Solar radiation that is not reflected is
absorbed by rocks, soil, water and other
surface materials.
3. The absorption of solar radiation warms
up the Earth.
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G. Greenhouse Effect
1.
One of the ways in which gases of the atmosphere
absorb and reradiate infrared rays can be compared to a
greenhouse.
2. The greenhouse effect is the natural heating of the
earth’s surface caused by certain atmospheric gases.
a. greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide and fluorocarbons.
3. Life couldn’t exist on Earth without the greenhouse effect.
Color the picture.
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H. Variations in Temperature
1.
2.
Radiation from the
sun does not heat
Earth equally at all
places at all times.
The temperature of
the atmosphere in
any region on Earth’s
surface depends on
several factors:
a. Earth’s tilt & latitude
b. surface features
c. time of year and day
d. wind patterns
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I. Formation of the Atmosphere
1.
2.
3.
4.
Early earth had only hydrogen
and helium gases in the
atmosphere.
Earth’s surface continued to
form due to plate tectonics
which caused many different
features such as volcanoes
and earthquakes.
Volcanic eruptions lead to an
outgassing (release) of gases
such as carbon dioxide,
nitrogen and other gases into
the changing atmosphere.
Radiation also broke down
some elements and
compounds which changed
the atmosphere.
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Color the picture.
 Write 10 questions for this section.
 Highlight key words and phrases.
 Draw a picture.
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Summary (one paragraph) – Page 3
The atmosphere is __________________________.
The four layers of the atmosphere are ___________,
___________, _____________, and ____________.
Our atmosphere gets heated in three ways:
_________, __________ and _________. Radiation
is ___________________________. Conduction is
________________________. Convection is
____________________________. Volcanic
eruptions lead to an ____________ (release) of
gases such as ____________ and _____________.
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II. 22.3 Atmospheric Circulation
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A. Wind
1.
2.
3.
Wind is caused by the movement of air from an area of
high pressure to low pressure.
Air pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air
above.
The greater the difference in pressure, the stronger the
wind.
LOW
PRESSURE
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HIGH
PRESSURE
B. Convection Cells
1.
2.
Air moves in convection cells with cells moving
from an area of high pressure to low pressure
or from an area of cold air to hot air.
It is a continuous cycle. Color and label the picture.
NORTH and
SOUTH
POLES are
COLD!!!!!
EQUATOR is
HOT
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C. The Coriolis Effect
1.
2.
Because the earth
rotates on its axis, we
have 12 convection cells
where the air flows in
curves, not straight lines.
Coriolis Effect is the
tendency of an object
(air) to follow a curved
path rather than a
straight path because of
the rotation of Earth.
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D. Global Winds
Each convection cell correlates to an area of Earth’s
surface called a wind belt which is also called prevailing
winds.
2. Each wind belt (trade winds, westerlies and easterlies)
has wind that flows in one direction.
3. Winds are named by the direction from which they flow.
a. Northwest winds means the wind originated or came
from the northwest.
1.
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E. Trade Winds
1. Winds that move toward the equator.
2. These winds curve toward the west.
3. Found between 30° N and 30° S latitude.
Called trade
winds because
many trading
ships sailed on
these winds
from Europe in
the 18th and 19th
centuries.
TRADE
WINDS
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F. Westerlies
1.
2.
3.
Winds that move toward the poles.
These winds curve toward the east.
Found between 30° and 60° latitude.
WESTERLIES
WESTERLIES
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G. Easterlies
1.
2.
3.
Winds that begin at the cold north and south poles.
These winds curve toward the west.
Found between 60° and 90° latitude.
EASTERLIES
EASTERLIES
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 Write 10 questions for this section.
 You should have a total of 20
questions.
 Highlight key words and phrases.
 Draw a picture.
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Summary (two paragraphs) – Page 4
Wind is _______________________________.
Air pressure is _______________________.
Air moves from ______ pressure to _______
pressure. The Coriolis effect is _____________
_______________________. Wind belt is
____________________________. The three
wind belts are ____________, ____________,
and ____________. Winds are named for the
direction _______ which they blow.
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Notes Points
Name __________________________________ Period _______
Points
Earned
Chapter 22.3 Notes
Points
Possible
Highlight Key Words/Phrases
2
Copy Notes: pictures + color + label
20
Questions: 20 questions + arrows
10
Summary: 2 paragraph(s)
10
Drawings: 2 drawing(s)
4
J. Nguyen – Physical Science
TOTAL
46