Transcript Temperature - Schoolwires

Review:
Meteorology
What is Weather?
What is Weather?
• The state of the
atmosphere at a
given time and
place
• Constantly
Changing
Composition of the Atmosphere
• 78% Nitrogen (N2)
• 21% Oxygen (O2)
• 1% Other gases
Composition of the Atmosphere
• 78% ________?
• 21% ________?
• 1% ________?
Other Components
• Water Vapor
– Most important gas for
atmospheric processes
– Source of all clouds and
precipitation
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
– Absorbs energy given off by
the Earth
• Ozone (O3)
– Absorbs harmful ultraviolet
(UV) radiation from the sun
Layers of the Atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
• Divided into layers
based on
temperature
• Rapidly thins as
you travel away
from Earth
• Layer 1: _________?
– Bottom layer
– Temperature
________? as altitude
increases
– ________? occurs, we
live in it
• Layer 1: Troposphere
– Bottom layer
– Temperature decreases
as altitude increases
– Weather occurs, we
live in it
• Layer 2: _______?
– Temperature remains
constant then slowly
_____? with height
– Location of the
_______? layer
• Layer 2: Stratosphere
– Temperature remains
constant then slowly
increases with height
– Location of the ozone
layer
• Layer 3: _______?
– Temperature ________?
with height
– Meteors occur here
• Layer 4: ________?
– Temperature ________?
with height
– Thins out to space
– Auroras occur here
• Layer 3: Mesosphere
– Temperature decreases
with height
– Meteors occur here
• Layer 4: Thermosphere
– Temperature increases
with height
– Thins out to space
– Auroras occur here
Air Pressure & The Atmosphere
• Air Pressure
– Force of the weight
of air above
• Increase in altitude
will cause the air
pressure to _______?
Air Pressure & The Atmosphere
• Air Pressure
– Force of the weight
of air above
• Increase in altitude
will cause the air
pressure to decrease
What Happens to Solar Radiation?
• ________?
– Radiation bounces off
the object
• _________?
– Produces a large number
of rays that travel in
many directions
• __________?
– To take within the object
What Happens to Solar Radiation?
• Reflection
– Radiation bounces off
the object
• Scattering
– Produces a large number
of rays that travel in
many directions
• Absorption
– To take within the object
What percentage of Solar
Radiation Reaches Earth’s
Surface?
• ______%
reaches Earth’s
surface
• _____%
absorbed by
clouds
• ____% reflected
or scatters back
to space
What percentage of Solar
Radiation Reaches Earth’s
Surface?
• 50% reaches
Earth’s surface
• 20% absorbed by
clouds
• 30% reflected or
scatters back to
space
How can Heat transfer?
• _________?
– Direct contact
(touching)
• _________?
– By circulation (hot air
goes up, cold air goes
down)
• _________?
– Waves through space
How can Heat transfer?
• Conduction
– Direct contact
(touching)
• Convection
– By circulation (hot air
goes up, cold air goes
down)
• Radiation
– Waves through space
Why do Temperatures Vary?
Why do Temperatures Vary?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Altitude
Geographic Position
Cloud Cover
Ocean Currents
Heating of Land
Heating of Water
Heating of Land vs. Water
• Land heats up
________? than
water
• Land cools down
________? than
water
Heating of Land vs. Water
• Land heats up
faster than water
• Land cools down
faster than water
Albedo
• The fraction of total
radiation that is
reflected by any surface
• Daylight Cloud Cover
– Temperatures ______? than
on a clear day
– Clouds reflect radiation
back to space
• Nighttime Cloud Cover
– Temperatures ______? than
on a clear night
– Clouds absorb radiation
from Earth, and send it back
down
Albedo
• The fraction of total
radiation that is
reflected by any surface
• Daylight Cloud Cover
– Temperatures lower than on
a clear day
– Clouds reflect radiation
back to space
• Nighttime Cloud Cover
– Temperatures higher than on
a clear night
– Clouds absorb radiation
from Earth, and send it back
down
What Causes Wind?
What Causes Wind?
• Air pressure differences
– Steep pressure
differences cause strong
winds
– Gentle pressure
differences cause light
winds
• The sun fuels the
pressure differences
How do Winds move?
• Flow from a
_____? air
pressure area to
a _____? air
pressure area
How do Winds move?
• Flow from a
high air pressure
area to a low air
pressure area
Global Winds
• The atmosphere
balances itself by
acting as a giant
heat-transfer system.
• Moves warm air
towards ______
latitudes and cool air
towards the _______
Global Winds
• The atmosphere
balances itself by
acting as a giant
heat-transfer system.
• Moves warm air
towards high
latitudes and cool air
towards the equator
What are the Global Winds?
A. __________?
–
Two belts of winds that blow almost
constantly from East to West
B. __________?
–
–
Dominate west to east motion of the
atmosphere
Jet stream occurs
C. _________?
–
Winds that blow east to west
D._________?
– Interaction of warm and cool
air masses produces a storm
belt
What are the Global Winds?
A. Trade Winds
–
Two belts of winds that blow
almost constantly from East to
West
B. Westerlies
–
–
Dominate west to east motion of
the atmosphere
Jet stream occurs
C. Polar Easterlies
–
Winds that blow east to west
D. Polar Front
–
Interaction of warm and cool air
masses produces a storm belt
How about Local Winds?
• Either
–Land Breeze
–Sea Breeze
–Valley Breeze
–Mountain Breeze
States of Matter
States of Matter
•
•
•
•
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
• Solid, Liquid, and Gas
are the most important
with weather
Changing Between States
Changing Between States
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Melting
Freezing
Condensation
Vaporization
Sublimation
Deposition
What is Humidity
• ________?
• Warm air
contains
______? water
vapor than cool
air
What is Humidity
• Amount of water
vapor in the air
• Warm air
contains more
water vapor than
cool air
What is Relative Humidity?
• Is the ratio________?
• Increasing air
temperature causes an
_______? in relative
humidity
What is Relative Humidity?
• Is the ratio of the actual
water vapor content
compared with the
amount of water vapor
air can hold
• Increasing air
temperature causes an
increase in relative
humidity
What is Dew Point?
• The temperature to
which air would
need to be cooled
to be________?
• Cool past this
point, water will
__________?
What is Dew Point?
• The temperature to
which air would
need to be cooled
to be saturated
• Cool past this
point, water will
condense
What is a Cloud?
What is a Cloud?
• Forms when air
cooled to its dew
point
• Classified on the
basis of their
appearance and
height
What is Precipitation?
What is Precipitation?
• Any form of
water that
falls from a
cloud
Types of Precipitation
• ________?
– Drops of water that fall
• ________?
– Light, fluffy, six-sided ice crystals
• _______?
– Fall of clear to translucent ice
• ________?
– Rain that turns to ice when they
impact objects
• _______?
– Balls of ice produced in
cumulonimbus clouds
Types of Precipitation
• Rain
– Drops of water that fall
• Snow
– Light, fluffy, six-sided ice crystals
• Sleet
– Fall of clear to translucent ice
• Glaze
– Rain that turns to ice when they
impact objects
• Hail
– Balls of ice produced in
cumulonimbus clouds
What is an Air Mass?
What is an Air Mass?
• Large body of air
that is
characterized by
similar
temperatures and
amount of
moisture
Air Mass and Weather
• Fairly ________? weather
in the area the air mass is
in
• Carries _______ &
_______ as it moves
• As an air mass moves
south, it will start to warm
but bring _______
temperatures
Air Mass and Weather
• Fairly constant weather in
the area the air mass is in
• Carries moisture &
temperature as it moves
• As an air mass moves
south, it will start to warm
but bring colder
temperatures
Classifying Air Masses
• Based on
–____?
–____?
Classifying Air Masses
• Based on
–Temperature
–Surface area
over which it
forms
Classifications of Air Masses
By Temperature
Surface Area
• Polar (P)
• Continental (c)
– High Latitude (towards
the poles
– Cold Temperatures
• Tropical (T)
– Low Latitude (near the
equator)
– Warm Temperatures
– Over Land
– Cold or warm
depending on latitude
• Maritime (m)
– Over Water
– Cold or warm
depending on latitude
Classifications of Air Masses
By Temperature
Surface Area
• ________?
• ________?
– High Latitude (towards
the poles
– Cold Temperatures
• _______?
– Low Latitude (near the
equator)
– Warm Temperatures
– Over Land
– Cold or warm
depending on latitude
• ________?
– Over Water
– Cold or warm
depending on latitude
Four Basic Types of Air Masses
cP = Continental Polar
mP = Maritime Polar
– Dry & Cool
– Cold & Dry in winter
and summer
– Wet & Cold
– Mild, humid, unstable
cold air from Canada
cT = Continental
Tropical
mT = Maritime
Tropical
– Dry & Warm
– Extremely hot, drought
like conditions
– Wet & Warm
– Source of the
precipitation in the U.S.
What is a Front?
• __________?
• Types of Fronts
– Warm
– Cold
– Stationary
– Occluded
What is a Front?
• Boundary where
two air masses
meet
• Types of Fronts
– Warm
– Cold
– Stationary
– Occluded
_______? Front
• Warm air pushes
upward over cold air
• Light to __________?
• Temperatures rise in the
areas
• Symbol
– A line with red semicircles extending on one
side in the direction of
motion
Warm Front
• Warm air pushes
upward over cold air
• Light to moderate rain
• Temperatures rise in the
areas
• Symbol
– A line with red semicircles extending on one
side in the direction of
motion
_______? Front
• When cold, dense air
moves into a region
occupied by warmer air
• __________?
• Temperatures drop
• Symbol
– A line with blue triangles
extending on one side in
direction of motion
Cold Front
• When cold, dense air
moves into a region
occupied by warmer air
• Thunderstorms
• Temperatures drop
• Symbol
– A line with blue triangles
extending on one side in
direction of motion
________? Front
• Does not move
• Gently to moderate
______?
• Could rain for days
• Symbol
– Red semi-circles on
one side and blue
triangles on the other
Stationary Front
• Does not move
• Gently to moderate
rain
• Could rain for days
• Symbol
– Red semi-circles on
one side and blue
triangles on the other
_________? Front
• When a cold front
overtakes a warm front
• When overtaking
occurs,
_________?occurs
• Symbol
– Alternating purple
triangles and purple
semi-circle
Occluded Front
• When a cold front
overtakes a warm front
• When overtaking
occurs, heavy rain
occurs
• Symbol
– Alternating purple
triangles and purple
semi-circle
High Pressure Systems
• Clockwise Motion
• _____? Weather
Conditions
• AKA: Anti-cyclones
• Symbol: blue “H”
High Pressure Systems
• Clockwise Motion
• Fair Weather
Conditions
• AKA: Anti-cyclones
• Symbol: blue “H”
Low Pressure Systems
• Counterclockwise
Motion
• Stormy Weather
• AKA: Cyclones
• Symbol: red “L”
Low Pressure Systems
• Counterclockwise
Motion
• ________?
Weather
• AKA: Cyclones
• Symbol: red “L”
What is Lightning?
What is Lightning?
• Result from the
build-up and
discharge of electric
energy
• Connection between
positive charges
(ground) and
negative charges
(clouds)
What is Thunder?
What is Thunder?
• The sound of rapidly
expanding air usually
associated with
lightning
• You see lightning
before hearing
thunder
What is a Tornado?
What is a Tornado?
• Violent low pressure
windstorm that takes the
form of a rotating column of
air (vortex)
• Forms from cumulonimbus
clouds
• Produces heavy rain and hail
Tornado Watch vs. Warnings
• Tornado _____?
– Possibility of
development in an
area
• Tornado ______?
– Tornado has been
seen
– Indicated by radar
Tornado Watch vs. Warnings
• Tornado Watch
– Possibility of
development in an
area
• Tornado Warning
– Tornado has been
seen
– Indicated by radar
What is a Hurricane?
What is a Hurricane?
• Whirling tropical
cyclone
– Low pressure system
• Winds at least 119
km/h or 73 mph
• Most powerful storm
on Earth
What are Isobars?
• Lines connecting areas
of equal pressure
• Closely spaced isobars
– High winds
– Steep pressure gradient
• Widely spaced isobars
– Light winds
– Weak pressure gradient
What are Isobars?
• Lines connecting areas
of equal _________?
• Closely spaced isobars
– _______? winds
– Steep ______? gradient
• Widely spaced isobars
– _______? winds
– Weak _______ gradient
What are Isotherms?
• Lines
connecting
areas of same
temperatures
How to read a weather map
symbol?
What is Air Pollution?
What is Air Pollution?
• Airborne particles
and gases that
occur in
concentrations
large enough to
endanger the
health of
organisms
What are Primary Pollutants?
• Emitted directly from
identifiable sources
• Where do they come
from?
What are Primary Pollutants?
• Emitted directly from
identifiable sources
• Where do they come
from?
– Transportation vehicles
(half by weight)
– Industrial Processes
– Aerosols
– Burning Coal
What are Secondary Pollutions?
What are Secondary Pollutions?
• Not emitted
directly into the air
• Form in the
atmosphere
through reactions
Pollutions effects on Human
Health
Pollutions effects on Human
Health
•
•
•
•
Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
What is Acid Rain?
What is Acid Rain?
• Rain that is more acidic
than normal
• Measured using the
“pH” scale
• Normal rain is slightly
acidic and has a pH of
about 5.6
• As of 2000, most acid
rain measures 4.3
How does Acid Rain Form
How does Acid Rain Form
• Gases react in the
atmosphere with water,
oxygen and other
chemicals to form mild
solutions of sulfuric
acid and nitric acid
• Usually downwind from
large cities and factories
Effects of Acid Rain?
Effects of Acid Rain
• Chemical
Weathering of
Structures
• pH levels of rivers
become more acidic
• Kills fish and trees
• Mutation in aquatic
organisms
How do we monitor Air Pollution?
How do we monitor Air Pollution
• Laws
– 1955: Air Pollution
Control and Technical
Assistance Act
– 1967: Air Quality Act
– 1970: Clean Air Act
– 1978: CFCs banned in
the United States
– 1980: Acid Precipitation
Act
• Others
– Develop clean energy
sources
– Use electric and
hybrid cars
– Set strict emission
control standards
– Factories install and
use pollution control
devices
Climate
What is Climate?
What is Climate?
• Yearlong
average of
weather patterns
over an area;
determined by
temperature and
precipitation
Factors that Affect Climate?
Factors that Affect Climate
•
•
•
•
•
•
Latitude
Elevation
Topography
Water Bodies
Global Winds
Vegetation
Factor #1: Latitude
• As latitude
increases, the
intensity of solar
energy ______?
• Three Zones
– Tropical
– Temperate
– Polar
Factor #1: Latitude
• As latitude
increases, the
intensity of solar
energy decreases
• Three Zones
– Tropical
– Temperate
– Polar
Factor #2: Elevation
• Higher the
elevation is, the
_______? the
climate
• Elevation
determines amount
of precipitation
area receives
Factor #2: Elevation
• Higher the
elevation is, the
colder the climate
• Elevation
determines amount
of precipitation
area receives
Factor #3: Topography
• Land features affect
amount of precipitation
that falls over an area
• Mountains cause a
____________?
-One side has cool,
wet air
– One side has warm, dry
air
Factor #3: Topography
• Land features affect
amount of precipitation
that falls over an area
• Mountains cause a rain
shadow event
– One side has cool, wet
air
– One side has warm, dry
air
Factor #4: Water Bodies
• Large bodies of water (lakes &
oceans) have an important effect on
the temperature of an area.
• Temperature of the water body
influences the temperature of the air
above (land areas near warm water
currents have ______? temperatures;
ocean currents traveling away from
equator are _______? water currents)
Factor #4: Water Bodies
• Large bodies of water (lakes &
oceans) have an important effect on
the temperature of an area.
• Temperature of the water body
influences the temperature of the air
above (land areas near warm water
currents have warm temperatures;
ocean currents traveling away from
equator are warm water currents)
Factor #5: Global Winds
• Winds distribute heat
and moisture around the
Earth
• Warm air moves to the
______?
• Cold air moves to the
______?
Factor #5: Global Winds
• Winds distribute heat
and moisture around the
Earth
• Warm air moves to the
poles)
• Cold air moves to the
equator
Factor #6: Vegetation
• Affects both temperature
and precipitation
• Temperature
– Influence how much of the
sun’s energy
is_________?and how
quickly it is released
• Precipitation
– When plants release water
vapor from its leaves into the
air (called: ___________?)
Factor #6: Vegetation
• Affects both temperature
and precipitation
• Temperature
– Influence how much of the
sun’s energy is absorbed and
how quickly it is released
• Precipitation
– When plants release water
vapor from its leaves into the
air (transpiration)
Köppen Climate Classification
System
• Most commonly used system
• Uses mean monthly and annual
values of temperature and
precipitation
• Five Principal Groups
–
–
–
–
–
Humid Tropical
Humid Mid-Latitude
Dry
Highland (___________?)
Polar
Köppen Climate Classification
System
• Most commonly used system
• Uses mean monthly and annual
values of temperature and
precipitation
• Five Principal Groups
–
–
–
–
–
Humid Tropical
Humid Mid-Latitude
Dry
Highland (cooler and wetter)
Polar
Natural Processes that Change
Climate?
Natural Process that Change
Climate
•
•
•
•
Volcanic Eruption
Ocean Circulation
Solar Activity
Earth’s Motions
Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Eruption
• The presence of
volcanic ash, dust and
aerosols in the air
increase the amount of
solar radiation that is
reflected back into
space.
• Causes Earth’s lower
atmosphere to cool
Ocean Circulation
• EL NINO
Ocean Circulation
• EL NINO
– Causes parts of the eastern
tropical Pacific Ocean to
become warmer than usual
– Arid places receive large
amounts of rain
– Places that receive lots of
rain may experience dry
periods
– HERE? We have wet
summers
• LA NINA
• LA NINA
– Surface temperatures
in the Eastern Pacific
are colder than
average
– Hurricanes damage
greater in La Nina
times
– HERE? We have dry
summers
Solar Activity
Solar Activity
• Formation of
sunspots appear to
correspond with
warm periods in
Europe and North
America
• 11 year cycle
Earth’s Motion
• Orbit and Tilt
Earth’s Motion
• Orbit and Tilt
– Earth’s tilt causes the
seasons
– Change in the degree
of tilt or shape of
orbit could cause
global climate
changes
Human Impact on Climate Change
• The Greenhouse Effect
– Is a natural warming of
both Earth’s lower
atmosphere and surface
– Makes life as we know it
possible
– Major Gases: Water Vapor
and Carbon Dioxide
– Humans have added more
greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere in the past 200
years by burning fossil
fuels
Human Impact on Climate Change
• The Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming
Global Warming
• As a result of
increases in Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) as
well as other
greenhouse gases,
global temperatures
have increased
• Affects weather and
climates
Temperatures Rising due to Global
Warming
• Effects?
Temperatures Rising due to Global
Warming
• Effects
– Glaciers melting
– Greenland—If all of the ice
melts, oceans will rise 23 feet
– Antarctic—major reduction in
ice coverage
– Permafrost in Tundra is
releasing CO2 that is stored
under the ice
– Effect on living things
sensitive to temp.