Transcript WEATHER
Chapter 16 Test 4 Material Begin WRITE A 1 TO 2 PAGE REPORT ON “BALL LIGHTNING” STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AT SOME PLACE AND TIME TEMPERATURE MOISTURE PRESSURE WIND AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS AT SOME LOCATION OVER LONG PERIOD OF TIME DEPARTURES FROM NORMAL EXTREMES VARIABILITY STUDY OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE PROCESSES THAT CAUSE WEATHER HOW WELL THE CROPS WILL DO WHAT CLOTHES YOU WEAR WHAT CROPS YOU CAN GROW WHAT CLOTHES YOU HAVE TO BUY 136 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT IN THE SHADE IN LIBYA -129 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT IN ANTARTICA 1042 INCHES OF RAIN IN ONE YEAR IN CHERRAPUNJI, INDIA 74 INCHES OF RAIN AT REUNION ISLAND SPEARFISH, SOUTH DAKOTA 7:30 AM = - 4 FAHRENHEIT 7:32 AM = 45 FAHRENHEIT SHIELDS US FROM UV GASES FOR RESPIRATION GASES FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS WHERE CO2 REMOVED BY PLANTS AND REPLACED WITH OXYGEN SUPPLIES AND TRANSPORTS WATER 78% NITROGEN 21% OXYGEN 0.9% ARGON 0.03% CARBON DIOXIDE TRACE ELEMENTS - NEON, HELIUM, METHANE, OZONE, NO2, KRYPTON, HYDROGEN, XENON MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE GASES FOR WEATHER PRODUCTION IS CARBON DIOXIDE DUE TO ITS EFFECT AS A GREENHOUSE GAS CO2 MAY BE INCREASING GLOBAL TEMPERATURES. SOME SCIENTISTS PREDICT THAT CO2 LEVELS WILL DOUBLE FROM 1900 TO 2050 WHICH MIGHT CHANGE CLIMATE PICTURE STILL QUITE CONTROVERSIAL SOURCE OF ALL CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION ABSORBS RADIANT ENERGY TRANSPORTS ENERGY AND DRIVES OUR STORMS VOLCANOES SEA SALTS SOIL EROSION SMOKE AND SOOT POLLEN ALLERGENS ACT AS A SURFACE FOR CONDENSATION TO TAKE PLACE KRAKATAO BLUER THE SKY THE CLEANER THE SKY WE CAN’T BREATHE IT IF ALL THE OZONE WERE BROUGHT TO THE EARTH’S SURFACE IT WOULD ONLY BE 1/6 OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS CONCENTRATED IN THE STRATOSPHERE AT 12 - 19 MILES ABOVE SURFACE MOLECULAR O2 IS BROKEN DOWN TO ATOMIC O1 WHICH COMBINES WITH AN O2 TO PRODUCE O3 AVAILABILITY OF SHORTWAVE RADIATION TO BREAKDOWN O2 AND ATMOSPHERE IS DENSE ENOUGH TO ALLOW FOR THE COMBINATION FOUND IN AEROSOL SPRAYS, PLASTIC PRODUCTION, AIR CONDITIONERS, REFRIGERATION REVERSE PROCESS AS THEY DRIFT UPWARD CHANGING O3 BACK TO O2 AND O1 REMAIN ACTIVE FOR 50-100 YEARS REDUCES THE FILTERING ABILITY OF OUR ATMOSPHERE AND CAN LEAD TO INCREASE IN SKIN CANCERS OZONE HOLE OVER ANTARCTICA AND NORTH AMERICA FOREST FIRES POLLEN WIND EROSION ORGANIC DECAY VOLCANOES TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRIAL HEATING/ AIR CONDITIONING REFUSE BURNING AGRICULTURAL MINING/QUARRYING CAN TRACE THEM TO AN IDENTIFIABLE SOURCE ARE PRODUCED WHEN REACTIONS OCCUR INVOLVING PRIMARY POLLUTANTS SMOG ACID RAIN TROPOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE MESOSPHERE THERMOSPHERE THE WEATHER SPHERE WITH CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE = 19 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT DECREASE IN TEMPERATURE FOR EVERY 1 MILE INCREASE IN ELEVATION STRATOSPHERE - WHERE OZONE IS CONCENTRATED THERMOSPHERE IS VERY WARM BUT HAS VERY FEW AIR MOLECULES TO TRANSFER HEAT EXOSPHERE - LIMIT WHERE SPACE BEGINS ELECTRIFIED REGION WHICH BEGINS ABOUT 35+ MILES ABOVE SURFACE AURORA BOREALIS AURORA AUSTRALIS Chapter 16 Test 4 Material ALL SUBSTANCES ARE COMPOSED OF MILLIONS OF MOLECULES THAT ARE IN MOTION. THIS MOTION IS KNOWN AS KINETIC ENERGY. TEMPERATURE IS A MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE ENERGY OF THIS MOTION. FAHRENHEIT CELSIUS KELVIN (1.8 TIMES CELSIUS) + 32 = FAHRENHEIT (FAHRENHEIT MINUS 32) DIVIDED BY 1.8 = CELSIUS KELVIN MINUS 273 = CELSIUS CELSIUS PLUS 273 = KELVIN K F C WATER 373 212 100 BOILS 273 32 0 FREEZES 0 -459.6 -273 ZERO MOTION LIQUID-IN-GLASS CAN BE EITHER MERCURY OR ALCOHOL (-25F) MINIMUM/MAXIMUM BIMETAL STRIP ELECTRICAL - THERMISTOR THERMOGRAPH LIQUID-IN-GLASS AND ELECTRICAL THERMOMETERS HAVE A BETTER RESPONSE TIME (HOW QUICKLY THEY ADJUST TO CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE) THAN DOES A BIMETAL STRIP CRICKET CHIRPS ADD THE NUMBER 40 TO THE NUMBER OF CRICKET CHIRPS YOU COUNT IN A 14 SECOND PERIOD AND THIS WILL EQUAL THE AIR TEMPERATURE CALORIE - AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS JOULE BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU) AMOUNT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF A SUBSTANCE BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT MEANS THAT IT TAKES MORE TIME/ENERGY TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE AND THAT THE SUBSTANCE WILL HOLD THE HEAT LONGER LOW SPECIFIC HEAT MEANS THAT THE SUBSTANCE HEATS AND COOLS QUICKLY WATER 1.000 ICE .478 WOOD .420 ROCK .192 SAND .188 AIR .171 MARINE OR MARITIME (COASTAL) LOCATIONS HAVE A CLIMATE MODERATED BY THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER CONTINENTAL (LAND) LOCATIONS WOULD HAVE A GREATER RANGE IN SEASONAL TEMPERATURES (HOTTER SUMMERS AND COLDER WINTERS) MEAN = (HIGH TEMPERATURE + LOW TEMPERATURE) DIVIDED BY 2 RANGE = HIGH TEMPERATURE - LOW TEMPERATURE LINE THAT CONNECTS EQUAL TEMPERATURE RESEARCH INDICATES THAT THE IDEAL TEMPERATURE FOR HUMAN COMFORT IS WHEN THE OUTSIDE AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE IS 70 F. ENGINEERS HAVE DETERMINED THAT THE OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE AVERAGE MUST BE 65 F IN ORDER THAT THE INDOOR AVG = 70F AMOUNT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE TO 65 F EVERY ONE DEGREE BELOW 65 F = ONE HEATING DEGREE DAY HIGH = 55 & LOW = 45 ; AVG = 50 SINCE 50 IS 15 DEGREES BELOW 65F; THEN THE HEATING DEGREES = 15 AMOUNT OF COOLING NEEDED TO LOWER YOUR TEMPERATURE TO 65 F EVERY DEGREE ABOVE 65 F = ONE COOLING DEGREE DAY IF HIGH = 90 & LOW = 70; AVG = 80 SINCE 80 IS 15 DEGREES ABOVE 65 THEN YOU HAVE 15 COOLING DEGREE DAYS MIAMI PHOENIX ST. LOUIS SAN DIEGO CHICAGO SEATTLE 4000 3000 1500 1200 1000 200 RADIATION CONDUCTION CONVECTION ADVECTION APPARENT TEMPERATURE HEAT INDEX WIND CHILL FACTOR Amazing