Transcript Living Things - Lumio's Science World

Weather Factors
Table of Contents
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Heat Transfer
Winds
Water in the Atmosphere
Precipitation
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy From the Sun
Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form
of visible light and infrared radiation. A small amount arrives
as ultraviolet radiation.
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy in the Atmosphere
Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere.
The rest passes through to the surface.
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect
When Earth’s surface is
heated, it radiates most of the
energy back into the
atmosphere as infrared
radiation. Much of this energy
is held by the atmosphere,
warming it.
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Sequencing
As you read, make a flowchart that shows how the sun’s
energy reaches Earth’s surface.
How Earth’s Atmosphere Gets Energy
Sun gives off energy.
Energy travels to Earth as electromagnetic radiation.
Some of the sun’s energy is reflected back into space
or absorbed by gases or particles in the air.
The remaining energy is absorbed or reflected by the
surface.
Much of the energy absorbed by the surface is radiated
back into the atmosphere.
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Links on Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Click the SciLinks button for links on energy in Earth’s
atmosphere.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Energy in Earth’s
Atmosphere
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Temperature and the
Movement of Molecules
The iced tea is cold, so its molecules move slowly. The
herbal tea is hot, so its molecules move faster than the
molecules in the iced tea.
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Converting Units
Temperatures in weather reports are usually given in
Fahrenheit scale, but scientists use the Celsius scale.
Temperature readings can be converted from the Fahrenheit
scale to the Celsius scale using the following equation:
If the temperature is 68ºF, what is the temperature in
degrees Celsius?
ºC = 20ºC
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
35.0ºF
1.67ºC
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
60.0ºF
15.6ºC
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
72.0ºF
22.2ºC
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
How Heat Is Transferred
Heat is transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction, and
convection.
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Outlining
As you read, make an outline
about how heat is transferred.
Use the red headings for the
main topics and the blue
headings for the subtopics.
Heat Transfer
I. Thermal Energy and
Temperature
A. Measuring Temperature
B. Temperature Scales
II. How Heat Is Transferred
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Heating the Troposphere
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Links on Heat Transfer
Click the SciLinks button for links on heat transfer.
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
Click the Video button to watch a movie about heat transfer.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Heat Transfer
Weather Factors - Winds
Angle of the Sun’s Rays
Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly near the
equator. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is
spread out over a larger area.
Weather Factors - Winds
Coriolis Effect
As Earth rotates, the
Coriolis effect turns winds
in the Northern
Hemisphere toward the
right.
Weather Factors - Winds
Global Wind Belts
A series of wind belts
circles Earth. Between
the wind belts are calm
areas where air is rising
or falling.
Weather Factors - Winds
Global Winds Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about global winds.
Weather Factors - Winds
Jet Streams
The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds occurring at
the top of the troposphere.
Weather Factors - Winds
Relating Cause and Effect
As you read, identify how the unequal heating of the
atmosphere causes the air to move. Write the information in
a graphic organizer like the one below.
Effects
Warm air expands, becomes
less dense, and rises.
Cause
Cold, more dense air sinks.
Unequal heating of the
atmosphere
Dense cold air has a higher
pressure than less dense warm
air. Wind blows from areas of
higher pressure to areas of
lower pressure.
Weather Factors - Winds
Convection Currents
Click the Video button to watch a movie about
convection currents.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Winds
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Water Cycle Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about the water cycle.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is affected by
temperature. Use the data table
to answer the following
questions. First, find the dry-bulb
temperature in the left column of
the table. Then find the
difference between the wet- and
dry-bulb temperatures across
the top of the table. The number
in the table where these two
readings intersect indicates the
relative humidity in percent.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
At noon, the reading on a
sling psychrometer are 18ºC
for the dry-bulb thermometer
and 14ºC for the wet-bulb
thermometer. What is the
relative humidity?
64%
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
At 5 p.m., the psychrometer is
used again. The reading on
the dry-bulb thermometer is
12ºC and the reading on the
wet-bulb thermometer is
11ºC. Determine the new
relative humidity.
88%
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
How did the temperature
change between noon and
5 P.M.?
It decreased from 18 degrees
to 12 degrees.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
How did the relative humidity
change during the course of
the day?
It increased.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Drawing Conclusions:
How was the relative humidity
affected by air temperature?
Explain your answer.
For the same amount of water
in the air, as the temperature
decreases, the relative
humidity increases. Warm air
can hold more moisture than
cool air can.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
How Clouds Form
Clouds form when warm, moist air rises and cools. Water
vapor condenses on tiny particles to form liquid water or ice
crystals.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Types of Clouds
Scientists classify clouds
into three main types based
on their shape: cirrus,
cumulus, and stratus.
Clouds are further classified
by their altitude.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Asking Questions
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic
organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for
each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.
Question
Answer
How does the water cycle work?
Water evaporates from the surface,
condenses to form clouds, and falls to
Earth as rain or snow.
What is relative humidity?
The percentage of water vapor in the air
compared to the maximum amount air
can hold at that temperature
How do clouds form?
Water in the air condenses on tiny
particles in the air to form liquid water or
crystals.
Can you determine weather
conditions by looking at clouds?
Yes; each type of cloud is associated
with a particular type of weather.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Water in the
Atmosphere
Weather Factors - Precipitation
Water Droplets
Droplets come in many sizes. A raindrop has about one
million times as much water in it as a cloud droplet.
Weather Factors - Precipitation
How Hail Forms
Hailstones start as small pellets of ice in cumulonimbus
clouds. They grow larger as they are repeatedly tossed up
and down until they become so heavy they fall to the ground.
Weather Factors - Precipitation
Measuring Precipitation
Scientists measure precipitation with various instruments,
including rain gauges.
Weather Factors - Precipitation
Using Prior Knowledge
Before you read, look at the section headings and visuals to
see what this section is about. Then write what you know
about precipitation in a graphic organizer like the one below.
As you read, write what you learn.
1.
2.
1.
2.
What You Know
Precipitation can be rain or snow.
Precipitation comes from clouds.
What You Learned
Sleet, freezing rain, and hail are forms of precipitation.
Droplets or ice crystals in clouds must grow heavy enough to
fall through the air before precipitation occurs.
Weather Factors - Precipitation
Links on Precipitation
Click the SciLinks button for links on precipitation.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Precipitation
Weather Factors
Graphic Organizer
Earth’s winds
include
include
Local winds
Global
winds
two types
three types
Sea breeze
Land breeze
Trade winds
Prevailing
westerlies
Polar
easterlies
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Graphic Organizer