Transcript Upper Air Charts PowerPoint

Upper Air Charts
By Tom Collow
November 8, 2010
Reading Upper Air Charts
Wind direction and
speed (knots)
Temperature (°C)
Height
Dewpoint Depression (°C)
Temperature, dewpoint depression, wind speed, and wind direction are read the
same on the charts for every level. The circle is filled in for a dewpoint depression
less than 5°C.
However, there are different procedures for reading the height value depending on
what level chart you are looking at.
The methods shown are those followed by the National Weather Service. Some
agencies use different formats so be sure to check to see if you are using the correct
procedure.
Types of Contours
• Isobar – line of constant pressure (These do
not exist on a constant pressure chart)
• Isoheight/Isohyspe = line of constant height
on a constant pressure chart
• Isotherm = line of constant temperature
• Isotach = line of constant wind speed
850 mb
• To find the actual height place a “1” in front of the three
digit number on the plot.
– Ex. If the plot has 532, then the height is 1532 m.
• The 850 mb temperature is often used as a guide in
precipitation type during winter storms.
– 850 mb. Temperature > 0°C = Rain
– 850 mb. Temperature < 0°C = Snow
• The pattern of troughs and ridges is not well defined at this
level.
• 850 mb data does not exist for parts of the western United
States. Why?
– Some locations in the Rocky Mountains have an elevation above
that of the 850 mb level.
Sample 850 mb Map from 12 UTC
0°C Isotherm
Low Pressure
System
0°C Isotherm
High Pressure
System
700 mb
• To find the actual height place a “2” or “3” in front of the
three digit number on the plot.
– Add “2” if number is between 500 and 999
– Add “3” If number is between 000 and 499
• Or another way is to add whichever number brings the
actual height closer to 3000 m.
– Ex. If the plot has 148, then the height is 3148 m.
– Ex. If the plot has 894, then the height is 2894 m.
• Troughs and ridges begin to become better defined.
• Dewpoint depressions at this level, as well as at the 850 mb
level, give meteorologists an idea of the depth of the
moisture layer. This is important for precipitation and
severe weather forecasting.
Sample 700 mb Map from 12 UTC
Ridge
Trough
High dewpoint
depressions
Low dewpoint
depressions
500 mb
• To find the actual height, add a “0” to the end of the
three digit number on the chart
• Troughs and ridges are well defined at 500 mb
• The 500 mb height is the height at which half the mass
of the atmosphere is below and half the mass is above
• The 500 mb height gives a good estimate of the mean
atmospheric flow
• Vorticity is another important variable measured at
500 mb. Vorticity is the measure of the rotation of air
horizontally.
• Positive vorticity leads to upward vertical motion which
leads to precipitation and clouds
Sample 500 mb map from 12 UTC today
Shortwave
Trough
Regions of positive vorticity are shaded
Ridge
Closed low
300 mb and 200 mb
• To find the height on a 300 mb map, follow
the same procedure as on a 500 mb map
• For a 200 mb map, add a “1” to the front of
the three digit number and a “0” at the end
– Ex. A chart value of 220 means a height of 12200 m.
• Jet streams are found at these levels
• The jet streak is a region of maximum winds within a jet
stream.
• The jet stream is usually a divider of temperature. It is
warmer to the south of the jet stream and colder to the north
Sample 300 mb map from 12 UTC today
Jet Streak
Jet Streak
Wind speeds are shaded
Sample 200 mb map from 12 UTC today
Jet Streak
Low still closed at
200 mb
Jet Streak
Wind speeds are shaded