Transcript Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition

Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Inquiry into Life
Twelfth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 35
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
35.1 Climate and the Biosphere
• Climate: The prevailing weather conditions
in a particular region.
• Temperature and Rainfall
– Solar Radiation Distribution
– Other Effects
35.1 Climate and the Biosphere
• Effect of Solar Radiation
– The sun’s rays are more
direct at the equator and
more spread out nearing
the poles.
– The Earth is on a slight tilt.
As the Earth orbits,
different areas are tilted
toward or away from the
sun.
Distribution of Solar Energy
35.1 Climate and the Biosphere
• Effect of Solar Radiation
– The flow of warm and cold air form three large
circulation patterns in each hemisphere.
– The direction in which the air rises and cools
determines the direction of the wind.
• Northern Hemisphere: Large scale winds generally move
clockwise, in the southern hemisphere they move
counterclockwise.
Global Wind Circulation
35.1 Climate and the Biosphere
• Other Effects
– Topography: The physical features of land.
• Mountains: Create a rain shadow
– The windward side receives more rain than the leeward side.
As air blows up the mountain, it rises and cools.
As air descends the other side of the mountain, it picks up
moisture.
• Monsoon Climate
– Cool, wet air blows in to land off the oceans, and replaces the
warm air. The warm air rises, losing moisture.
• Lake Effect
– Cool winds blow over a lake, the air warms and collects
moisture. The warm air rises and loses its water.
Formation of a Rain Shadow
35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Biome:
A Major Type of Terrestrial
Ecosystem
– Characteristic mix of plants and animals
• Climate influences which species survive
– Distribution of biomes is due to climatic factors
• Solar radiation
• Water
• Topography
Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Tundra
– Encircles Earth south of polar seas in the Northern
Hemisphere
– Very cold and dark most of the year—short growing season,
precipitation is minimal
– Permafrost prevents water drainage
– Vegetation
• Lichens, short grasses, dwarf shrubs
– Animals
• Lemmings, ptarmigans, caribou, reindeer, wolves, polar bears
Tundra
35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Coniferous Forests
– Taiga
• Northern part of North America and Eurasia
• Trees are well adapted to the cold climate
– Needles (reduced leaves), thick bark
• Vegetation
– Cone-bearing trees: pine, firs, spruce
– Mosses, lichens
• Animals
– Bears, deer, moose, beaver, muskrats, wolves, birds
– Temperate Rainforest
• Western coast of the United States and Canada
• Old growth forest
Coniferous Forest
35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Temperate Deciduous Forests
– Eastern North America, Europe, Eastern Asia
– Well-defined seasons, long growing season, relatively high
precipitation
– Vegetation
• Oak, beech, maple, and other broad-leaf deciduous trees
• Tall trees form canopy, shrubs and shorter trees below
• Lichens, ferns on forest floor
– Animals
•
•
•
•
Squirrels, rabbits, chipmunks, and other small herbivores.
Turkeys, pheasants, and grouse
Beaver, muskrats, red foxes, deer, and black bears
Reptiles (turtles) and amphibians (frogs)
Temperate Deciduous Forests
35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Tropical Forests
– South America, Africa, Indo-Malayan region
– Weather is always warm, abundant rainfall
– Biome with the greatest diversity of species of
plants and animals
– Complex structure, many levels of life
• Many animals live in the trees
• Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants
Representative Animals of the Tropical
Rain Forests of the World
35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Shrublands
– Shrubs with waxy leaves, adapted to arid conditions
• Subject to burn-off from fires due to dryness
– Animals include coyotes, jackrabbits, gophers and other
rodents
Shrublands
35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Grasslands
• Rainfall is greater than 25 cm/year but not enough to support
trees
• Grasses well adapted to changing environment
• Animals include small mammals, hawks, snakes, coyotes,
antelope and bison.
– Savannas: grasslands that contain some trees
• African savanna-greatest variety of large herbivores
– Animals include elephants, giraffes, zebras, wildebeests
The Prairie
The Savanna
35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Deserts
– Little precipitation
– Hot days and cold nights
– Vegetation
• Succulents: cacti, sagebrush
– Animals
• Many are burrowing animals
• Nocturnal to avoid heat
Deserts
35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
• Two Main Types
– Freshwater (inland)
– Saltwater (usually marine)
• Brackish water is a mixture of fresh and salt water
– Coastal Ecosystems
35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
• Lakes
– Freshwater
– Classified by their
nutrient abundance
• Oligotrophic (nutrient
poor)
• Eutrophic (nutrient rich)
Lake Stratification in a
Temperate Region
Zones of a Lake
35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
• Coastal Ecosystems
– Estuaries
• Partially enclosed body of water where fresh and salt water
mix
• Examples: Salt marshes, mudflats, mangrove swamps near
the mouth of rivers
• “Nurseries” of the sea
– Abundance of nutrients
– Half of all marine fish mature in estuaries
– Feeding grounds of many birds, fish, shellfish
Estuary Structure and Function
Types of Estuaries
35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
• Coastal Ecosystems
– Seashores
• Littoral zone- between high and low tidal marks
– Upper littoral zone: barnacles attached to rocks
– Middle littoral zone: brown algae (rockweed), barnacles
– Lower littoral zone: oysters, mussels, snails, periwinkles
• Sandy beaches
– Animals must burrow
» Clams, crabs, sand (ghost) shrimp, sandhoppers
Seashores
35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
• Oceans
– Ocean currents influence climate
• Northern hemisphere– Currents circulate clockwise
» Gulf stream: takes warm water from equator to east coast
of North America and western Europe
• Southern hemisphere– Currents circulate counterclockwise
» Humboldt Current: circulates cold, nutrient-rich water
along west coast of South America
» Upwelling: cold offshore winds cause nutrient-rich waters
to rise and displace warm, nutrient-depleted water
35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
• Oceans
– Pelagic Division (open waters)
• Neritic Province
– Coral reefs
• Oceanic Province
– Benthic Division
• Sublittoral zone
• Bathyal zone
• Abyssal zone
Marine Environment
Ocean Inhabitants