Transcript Primates - CLAS Users

ANG 6930
Proseminar in
Anthropology IIA:
Bioanthropology
Day 4
ANG 6930
Prof. Connie J. Mulligan
Department of Anthropology
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Did everyone get their assignments
back?
• I’ve graded everything so if you didn’t get
something back, that means I didn’t get it
• You should have received:
– Quiz 1
– Questions/comments from last week
– Journal analysis abstract
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Journal analysis
• Great abstracts
– Average – 19
– Most frequent mistakes
• Forgetting to explain your choice of additional journals
• Remember to turn your graded abstract in with
your final paper
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Quiz #2
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This week
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Primate evolution, ecology and behavior
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Primatology as anthropology
Diversity of living primates
Primate models for human evolution and behavior
Comparison of humans and other primates
Reading
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The Human Species, Chpts 5 (Primates), 6 (Primate behavior and ecology),
7 (The human species)
Course packet
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Martin RD. 2002. Primatology as an essential basis for biological anthropology.
Evolutionary Anthropology 11:3-6.
Strier KB. 2003. Primate behavioral ecology: From ethnography to ethology
and back. American Anthropologist 105:16-27.
Rieseberg LH and Livingstone K. 2003. Chromosomal speciation in primates.
Science 300:267-268.
Khaitovich P et al. 2005. Parallel patterns of evolution in the genomes and
transcriptomes of humans and chimpanzees. Science 309:1850-1854.
Amici et al. 2010. Monkeys and apes: Are their cognitive skills really so
different? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 143: 188-197.
Judson O. 2008. Wanted: Intelligent aliens, for a research project, New York
Times blog
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Next week
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Hominoid to hominin
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Dating the ape-human split
Australopiths
Early hominin subsistence and social organization
Origins of genus Homo
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Homo erectus, Neanderthals and other archaic humans
Reading
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The Human Species, Chpts 9 (Primate origins and evolution), 10 (Beginnings of
human evolution), 11 (Origin/evolution of genus Homo), 12 (Evolution of archaic humans)
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Course packet
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“A new kind of ancestor: Ardipithecus unveiled”, Science, 326:36-40.
“Candidate human ancestor from South Africa sparks praise and debate”, Science, 328:154155.
Klein RG. 2009. Darwin and the recent African origin of modern humans. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 106:16007-16009.
“New statistical model moves human evolution back three million years” ScienceDaily,
11/9/2010.
Teaford MR and Ungar PS. 2000. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97:13506-13511.
Conroy GC. 2002. Speciosity in the early Homo lineage: Too many, too few, or just about
right? Journal of Human Evolution 43:759-766.
Premo LS and Hublin J-J. 2009. Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in
Pleistocene hominins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:33-37.
Hublin JJ. 2009. The origin of Neanderthals. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 106:16022-16027.
“Tales of a prehistoric human genome” Science 2009, 323:866-871.
Optional (on Sakai) – Noonan JP. Neanderthal genomics and the evolution of
modern
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humans. Genome Research 20:547-553.
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Terminology
• Chromosome
• Genome
• DNA
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Terminology
• Chromosome
– Molecules in the nucleus that carry
genetic information in a linear
sequence
• Genome
– All the genetic information in an
organism, i.e. one representative of
each chromosome
• Nuclear, mitochondrial, chloroplast
• DNA
– Deoxyribonucleic acid
– The molecular basis of heredity
• Chromosomes are composed of
DNA
• The genome is composed of
chromosomes
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Terminology
• Locus
• Gene
• Allele
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Terminology
• Locus - region of the
genome
• Gene - DNA sequence
that encodes a protein
• Allele - one of several
alternative forms of a
DNA sequence, can be
coding or non-coding
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Introduction to
Living Primates
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Why Study Primates?
• Reasoning by homology
– Closely related species tend to be similar in
morphology and behavior
– Studying nonhuman primates gives insight into
human ancestors
• Reasoning by analogy
– Natural selection leads to similar organisms in
similar environments
– Studying biological diversity in ecological
context sheds light on evolutionary processes
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Why Study Primates?
• Primates are our closest relatives
– Morphological, biochemical, and behavioral
similarity reflects evolutionary relatedness
– Reasoning by homology
• Primates are a diverse order
– Variable ecology, diet, morphology, mating
patterns, and social structure
– Reasoning by analogy
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Forms of Primate Social
Organization


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Solitary
• Smallest social group
• Females maintain separate home ranges with
juvenile offspring
• Males may establish own ranges or may defend
ranges of several adult females
• Adult females and males have infrequent contact,
mainly mating
• Except orangutans, all solitary primates are
prosimians
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Monogamy
• One male and one female form long-term pair
bond
– Show high levels of paternal care of offspring
• Share territory with immature offspring
• Not very common
– Characteristic of gibbons, some small New World
monkeys, a few prosimian species
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Polyandry
• One female paired with two or more males
– May be more than 1 female, but only 1 is reproductively active
• Share home range with offspring
• Not very common
– May occur among some marmosets and tamarins
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Polygyny: One-male
• Several adult females, a single resident male,
and immature offspring
• “Bachelor males” often form all-male groups
• Variable dispersal patterns
• Common among howlers, langurs, gelada
baboons
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Polygyny: Multimale-multifemale
• Most common form of primate social organization
• Several adult males, adult females, and immature offspring
– Most are female-bonded
– Males may move between coed groups, remain solitary, or join allmale groups
• Lots of variation in terms of size, composition and distribution
• Macaques, savanna baboons, some New World monkeys
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Sexual selection infanticide
hypothesis
• Hrdy (1977) proposed infanticide enhances
male reproductive success
• Continuing controversy, but growing data
– Infanticide reported in ~40 primate species
– Researchers have observed >60 infanticidal attacks
and many nonlethal attacks
– Observed in one-male and multi-male groups
• Increasing evidence confirms predictions of
hypothesis
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Infanticide linked to changes in
male membership and status
• C.P. van Schaik
reviewed 55
infanticides observed
in wild
• 47 (85%) followed
changes in male
residence or
dominance rank
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Infanticide shortens interbirth
intervals
• Lactation generally prevents conception
• Cycling resumes quickly if infant dies
• Reduces birth intervals by 25-30% in some
species
• From an evolutionary perspective, new male
can more quickly increase the proportion of
his offspring in the group
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Males do not kill their own infants
• C.P. van Schaik
– 40 of 55 infanticides committed by males not in
group at conception
– 11 of remaining cases by males not seen mating
• V. Sommer – genetic relationship impossible
or unlikely in 52 of 55 cases
• C. Borries et al.
– DNA analyses confirm killer  father in 22 of 23
cases
– Paternity unclear in other case
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Males gain reproductive benefits
• C.P. van Schaik
– Infanticidal males subsequently mated with
mother in 25 of 55 cases
– May have mated with mother in 13 other cases
• C. Borries et al.
– Documented five infanticidal attacks
– Four mothers subsequently gave birth
– In all cases, DNA identified presumed killer as
father
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Unanswered questions
• Does infanticide occur more frequently
under certain ecological conditions?
• Is there a hereditary predisposition to
commit infanticide?
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The altruism conundrum
• Primates perform altruistic behavior in nature
– Grooming, alarm calls, food sharing
• Altruistic behaviors decrease individual fitness
 cannot evolve by natural selection
• Altruistic behaviors cannot be favored just
because the group benefits
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W.D. Hamilton and Kin Selection
• Ordinary selection can favor altruistic behavior if
genetic relatives interact selectively
– If you increase fitness of a kin, some proportion of your genes
have increased chance of survival
• Implications
– Altruism is limited to kin
– Closer kinship encourages more altruism
• Closer kin = higher percentage of your genes
• rb > c (Hamilton’s rule)
r=
b=
c=
average coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipients
sum of fitness benefits to individuals affected by behavior
fitness cost to individual performing behavior
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Primate Diversity
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Old and new versions of primate phylogeny
Old
New
-Breaks up prosimians
-Lemurs more ancestral
- ‘Prosimians’ used casually,
but not formally
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The primate pattern
• No single derived feature shared by all primates
• Traits well-suited to arboreal environments
– Grasping hands and feet
– Binocular (overlapping fields of vision = detail)
stereoscopic (image sent from both eyes to both
hemispheres = depth) vision
• Perceive distance and depth
• Controversy over selection of adaptations
– Arboreal hypothesis
• All traits evolved as arboreal adaptations
– Insect predation hypothesis
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The primate pattern, cont
• Grasping hands and feet
– Opposable big toe, prehensile hands
– Flat nails instead of claws, tactile pads
– Hindlimb-dominated locomotion
• Greater reliance on sight than on smell
– Unspecialized olfactory apparatus, reduced in
diurnal primates
– Eyes moved forward, developed visual sense,
color perception
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The primate pattern, cont
• Reproduction and life history
– Females have small litters, increased birth spacing
– Trend toward longer lives and longer periods of
gestation, infancy, childhood, and adulthood
• Requires more parental care
• Brain and behavior
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Large brain compared to mammals of similar size
More complex brain anatomy
Increased learning and behavioral flexibility
Cultural transmission of new behaviors
• Food washing – began by young macaque (named Imo), taught to
all newborn infants although adults did not acquire behavior
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• Not innate behavior, but learned behavior
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Remember…
• None of these traits make primates unique
– Example: dolphins have large brains, extended
juvenile dependence, and flexible social
behavior
• Not every primate possesses all these traits
– Some prosimians have claws, more developed
olfactory senses
– Humans have lost opposable big toe
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Mouse Lemur
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Ring-Tailed Lemur
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Ring-Tailed Lemur
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Blue-Eyed Lemur
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Aye-aye
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Sifaka
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Slow Loris
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Tarsier
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Squirrel Monkey
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Spider Monkey
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White-Faced Capuchin
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Great-Nosed Proboscis
(Nasalis)
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Zanzibar Red Colobus
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Black-and-White Colobus
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Long-Tailed Macaques
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Bonnet Macaques
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Assam Macaques
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Japanese Macaques
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Japanese Macaques
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Savanna Baboon
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Olive Baboons
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Gelada Baboon
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Mandrill
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White-Handed Gibbon
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Siamang
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Orangutan
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Orangutan
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Gorilla
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Gorilla
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Gorilla
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Bonobos
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Bonobos
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Chimpanzee
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Chimpanzee
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Chimpanzee
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Nonhuman primate biogeography
Generally restricted to the tropics
Living
Fossil only
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Evolutionary morphing
• NYCEP – New York Consortium in Evolutionary
Primatology
• Website to do 3-D reconstructions of extinct
primates
– Use DNA-based phylogenies and skulls of extant
primates to reconstruct skulls of extinct animals
• http://graphics.cs.ucdavis.edu/research/EvoMorph
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What’s the difference between
monkeys and apes?
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What’s the difference between
monkeys and apes?
• Monkeys have tails, apes do not
• Monkeys have smaller brains relative to body
size
• Monkey movement is quadrupedal = arms and
legs are generally of similar length so their
spine is parallel to the ground; apes have
longer arms than legs; humans have longer
legs than arms
• Apes are more closely related to humans than
monkeys
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What do these terms mean?
• Hominoid
• Hominid
• Hominin
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What do these terms mean?
• Hominoid (Hominoidea)
– Apes + humans
• Hominid (Hominidae)
– Humans and human-like
ancestors
• Hominin
– New term to replace hominid
(i.e. humans and human-like
ancestors) and hominid =
humans + great apes
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Characteristics of Living Humans
Distribution and Environment
– Humans are the most widely distributed living
primate species.
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Characteristics of Living Humans
Brain Size and Structure
– Absolute brain size is not as useful a measure of
intelligence because larger animals tend to have
larger brains.
– Alternative methods for analyzing brain size and
intelligence.
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Characteristics of living humans
Figure 11.1:
Average brain
volume (cubic
centimeters) of
selected living
primates.
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Characteristics of living humans
Figure 11.2: Relationship between body weight and brain
weight in primates.
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Characteristics of living humans
Bipedalism
• The physical structure of human beings shows
adaptations for upright walking as the normal
mode of movement.
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Characteristics of living humans
Figure 11.3: The skeletal
structure of the feet of a
chimpanzee (left) and a
modern human (right). Note
how the big toe of the human
lies parallel to the other toes,
facilitating upright walking.
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Characteristics of living humans
Figure 11.5: Side view of the
skeletons of a chimpanzee
(left) and a modern human
(right), illustrating the shape
and orientation of the spine.
(adapted from Campbell, 1985)
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Characteristics of living humans
Figure 11.6: The trunk skeletons
of a chimpanzee (left) and a
modern human (right) drawn to
the same size. Note the
proportionately shorter and wider
pelvis of the human being,
reflecting adaptations to upright
walking. (adapted from Campbell,
1985).
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Characteristics of living humans
Canine Teeth
• Human canine teeth are small and do not project
beyond the level of the other teeth, serving much the
same function as incisor teeth.
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Characteristics of living humans
Sex and Reproduction
– The fact that humans do not have the estrus cycle has
often been cited as a unique aspect of human sexuality.
• Exception – orangutans also lack an estrus cycle
– Most temperate zone animals only mate during certain
seasons and only around the time of ovulation.
– Human females cycle throughout the year and often mate
at any time during the cycle.
• Bonobos mate outside of estrus to some extent
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Characteristics of living humans
Sex and Reproduction
– Human Childbirth
• Single births
• Extended period of dependence
• Childbirth difficult and complex, requires assistance
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Chimp cognition and behavior
• Cooperation and its limitations
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mv8rfJmC
Pk&feature=related
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Discussion
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Evolution
• What is orthogenesis?
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Social structure
• Do you think social structure (monogamy vs
multi-male, female dominance, etc) is more
genetically determined or ecologically
determined?
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Are humans uniquely different
from other primates?
• Lots of genetic research is looking for something
different in humans that signals the unique evolutionary
path towards humans
– Is there a human gene?
– How about a specific signal of natural selection along a human
lineage, i.e. positive selection for a gene involved in language
or differential expression of a gene?
– Differential expression of genes between humans and others?
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Khaitovich et al., 2005, Science
• Compared expression levels of genes active in
brain, heart, liver, kidney and testis in humans and
chimps
– How do you interpret these results?
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