Transcript Principles of Ecology

Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships
Biotic and abiotic factors interact in complex ways in communities
and ecosystems.
Essential Questions
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What is the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors?
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What are the interactions between the levels of biological communities?
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What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche?
Class Activities:
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Online Lab–Exploring Ecosystems
Abiotic factor-Biotic Factor Quiz
Symbiosis Homework and Quiz
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Organisms and Their Relationships
Vocabulary
Review
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species
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ecology
biosphere
biotic factor
abiotic factor
population
biological community
ecosystem
biome
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habitat
niche
predation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
Organisms and Their Relationships
Ecology
Organisms depend on other organisms and nonliving factors in their
environment for survival.
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Ecology is the branch of Biology that studies relationships and interactions
between organisms and their environment.
Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and
methods.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dfy2qYfUWE0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogJYVZBqknM
Organisms and Their Relationships
The Biosphere
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The biosphere is the portion of the Earth that supports life.
Land, freshwater, saltwater, lower portions of the atmosphere, and areas beneath
the Earth’s surface
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r17kLJxJcwM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp6QqourOlc
The Biosphere
Biotic Factors
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Biotic factors are living factors
in an organism’s environment.
Abiotic Factors
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Abiotic factors are the nonliving
factors in an organism’s environment.
Organisms adapt to survive in the
abiotic factors present in their natural
environment.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk33dTVHreQ
Levels of Organization
The biosphere is too large and complex to study as a whole.
Ecologist divide the biosphere into levels of organization to study.
The levels of organization are:
• organism
• population
• biological community
• ecosystem
• biome
• biosphere
Organisms and Their Relationships
Levels of Organization
Organisms, populations, and biological communities
The lowest level of organization
is an individual organism.
Organisms of a single species
that share the same geographic
location at the time make up a
population.
A biological community is a group
of interacting populations that
occupy the same geographic area
at the same time.
Organisms and Their Relationships
Exploring Ecosystems (In your online textbook)
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Organisms and Their Relationships
Ecosystem Interactions
A habitat is an area where an organism lives.
A niche is the role or position that an
organism has in its environment.
Community Interactions
Competition
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Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time
Competition is stronger when resources are scarce.
Predation
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Predation is the act of one organism pursuing and consuming another
organism for food.
The organism that pursues the other is the predator, the organism being
pursued is the prey.
Organisms and Their Relationships
Community Interactions
Symbiotic relationships
Symbiosis is the close relationship that exists when two or more species live
together.
There are three types of symbiosis:
• Mutualism: both organisms benefit
• Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor
harmed
• Parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q
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Review
Essential Questions
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What is the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors?
What are the interactions between the levels of biological communities?
What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche?
Vocabulary
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ecology
biosphere
biotic factor
abiotic factor
population
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
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biological community
ecosystem
biome
habitat
niche
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predation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
Organisms and Their Relationships
Section 2 Essential Questions
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What are the producers and consumers in an ecosystem?
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How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
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What are food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramid models?
Class Activities:
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Constructing a Halloween Food Web
Understanding the Pyramids of Energy, Biomass, and Numbers
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Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Vocabulary
Review
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energy
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autotroph
heterotroph
herbivore
carnivore
omnivore
detritivore
trophic level
food chain
food web
biomass
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Energy in an Ecosystem
Autotrophs
An autotroph (producer) is an organism that uses energy from the _____ or
_________________to make food.
Autotrophs are the foundation of all ecosystems because the make energy
available for all other organisms.
Energy in an Ecosystem
Heterotrophs
A heterotroph, or consumer, is an organism that gets its energy by __________
organisms.
An herbivore eats only _______
A carnivore eats _________
An omnivore eats both ______ and _______
A detritivore eats fragments of ______ matter
Models of Energy Flow
Food chains and food webs
model the energy flow through
an ecosystem.
Each step in a food chain
or food web is called a
__________.
Organisms at each level get their energy from the __________________them.
Models of Energy Flow
Food chains
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A food chain is a simple model
that shows how __________
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Models of Energy Flow
Food webs
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A food web is a model
representing _____________
___________________within
an ecosystem.
Models of Energy Flow
Ecological pyramids
An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy,
biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level.
Biomass is _______________________________at each trophic level.
Review
Essential Questions
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What are the producers and consumers in an ecosystem?
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
What are food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramid models?
Vocabulary
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autotroph
heterotroph
herbivore
carnivore
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omnivore
detritivore
trophic level
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food chain
food web
biomass
Essential Questions
How do nutrients move through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem?
Why are nutrients important to living organisms?
What are the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and how are they alike?
Class Activities:
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Biogeochemical Cycle Poster
Biogeochemical cycle Questions
Vocabulary
Review
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cycle
matter
nutrient
biogeochemical cycle
nitrogen fixation
denitrification
Cycles in the Biosphere
Natural processes cycle matter and nutrients through the biosphere.
The cycling of nutrients through the biosphere involves both living organisms and physical
processes.
The exchange of matter through the biosphere is called the _________________.
Water Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Mineral Cycle
Life Cycle
Matter is anything that takes up _______ and has ______.
A nutrient is a _________________that an organism needs to obtain from its environment
in order to survive.
Cycles in the Biosphere
The Water Cycle
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Water evaporates from bodies of water, soil, and ___________.
Water returns from the atmosphere in the form of precipitation.
All living organisms rely on fresh water, which constitutes only ____% of the
water on Earth.
Cycles in the Biosphere
The carbon and oxygen cycles
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Carbon and oxygen often make up
molecules ________________.
Carbon and oxygen recycle
relatively quickly through _________
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Carbon and oxygen enter a longterm cycle when ______________
___________________________.
Cycles in the Biosphere
The nitrogen cycle
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The conversion of nitrogen gas
into a form that is useable by a
plant is called nitrogen fixation.
__________________________
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Nitrogen returns to the
atmosphere through
______________ – where
bacteria convert ______ nitrogen
back into nitrogen ______.
Cycles in the Biosphere
The Phosphorus Cycle
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_____________ is essential for the growth and development of organisms.
Phosphorus cycles quickly as phosphates through __________________
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Long-term, phosphorus is _________ or __________ from rocks and
added to the cycle.
Review
Essential Questions
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How do nutrients move through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem?
Why are nutrients important to living organisms?
What are the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and how are they alike?
Vocabulary
• matter
• nutrient
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• biogeochemical cycle
• nitrogen fixation
• denitrification
Cycling of Matter