Transcript Climate - Piscataway High School

Ecology 2
Habitats and Niches
Interactions
Succession
Climate
Biomes
Population Growth
Human Impact
Biogeochemical Cycles of Matter
Habitat:
Niche:
Area where organism lives (address)
Includes biotic and abiotic factors.
Full range of physical & biological
conditions in which organism lives &
way it uses those conditions (job)
Place in food chain, physical conditions needed,
how & when it reproduces.
Interactions in A Community
Competition:
When organisms try to use same
resources at same time.
Competition Exclusion Principle:
No two species can occupy the same niche
in the same habitat at the same time.
Predation
One organism captures and
feeds on another.
http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/animal-planet-presents/videos/whats-to-love-great-white-shark-predation.htm
Symbiosis
Two species live closely together.
Mutualism- both benefit
Commensalism
-
One benefits, other neither
Helped or harmed
Parasitismparasite lives in or on host &
causes harm to host
Mutualism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm2qdxVVRm4
Ants and Trees
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkzUziLiiDM
Sea Anemone and Clownfish
Parasitism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90exkFR2iSM
Botfly and Humans
Ecological Succession:
Change in ecosystem over time.
Primary Succession:
No soil or life exists
Pioneer species
Example: lichens first break down rock to make soil.
Ends with Climax community: stable
Secondary Succession:
Ecosystems return to original state after disruption.
-forest fire
-farming
- deforestation
Impact of Climate on Ecosystems
What is the difference between weather and climate?
Weather:
Climate:
Day to day condition of the
atmosphere at particular
time and place.
Average conditions of temperature and
precipitation for a region year after year.
Climate Zones
Determined by latitude (angle of heating of the sun).
Polar Zones:
Cold, sun’s rays strike at low angle at the N & S Poles
Temperate Zones:
Tropical Zones:
Between polar zones & tropics
Angle of the sun changes leading to seasons.
Near the equator
Direct sunlight year round so always warm.
Biomes
Complex communities, cover large area with a certain soil & climate.
Life (plants and animals) with adaptations for survival.
Two main components of climate:
Temperature
Precipitation
Terrestrial Biomes: Only 30% of Earth is land.
Forests
Coniferous trees: Keep their leaves (needles) all year long.
Deciduous trees: Drop leaves in dry season to conserve water.
Tropical Rain Forest
Hot & wet year round
Most diverse biome with the largest number of different species
of plants and animals.
Desert
Dry, hot during day – some colder at night
Evaporation is greater than precipitation.
Cover 30% of Earth’s land (all deserts
combined)
Aquatic Biomes
Freshwater Biomes: 3% of the Earth’s surface.
Flowing Water- rivers, streams, creeks, brooks
Standing Water- lakes & ponds
Plankton
microscope life forms food for larger animals
zooplankton - heterotrophs
phytoplankton - autotrophs
Marine Zones
About 67% of earth covered by salt water
Coral Reefs
A marine biome with high diversity of life forms.
Found in warm clear waters of tropics & subtropics.
Populations
Groups of organisms of the same species, in the same area.
Identified by:
Range (geographic distribution)
River Otter Range
Density (number of individuals /unit of area
Growth Rate
River Otter Density in Montana
Factors affecting
Population Size:
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Immigration Rate
Emigration Rate
Movement of individuals into an area
Movement of individuals out of an area
Exponential Growth:
Ideal conditions
Unlimited resources
Reproduction occurs at constant rate
Logistic Growth:
growth slows or stops after a period of exponential growth
-due to limited resources
ZPG:
Zero
Population
Growth
Slows /levels off when

birth rate = death rate

immigration = emigration
Carrying Capacity:
largest number of individuals a given environment can support
The # of organisms
represented by the “M”
line corresponds to
the carrying capacity
in this graph.
Limiting Factors:
cause population growth to decrease
Biotic Factors:
Abiotic Factors:
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Disease
Climate
Natural Disasters
Seasonal Cycles
Human Activities
Human Population Clock
http://www.census.gov/popclock/
Effects of Humans on the Biosphere
Tragedy of the Commons:
Any resource that is free and accessible to everyone may eventually be destroyed.
Because no one is responsible for protecting those resources and
no one benefits from preserving those resources.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RE9PMwwaFc
Renewable Resource
Can regenerate (living)
Can be replenished by biochemical cycles (nonliving)
Ex: fresh water
plants
wind
sun
Nonrenewable Resource
Ex: fossil fuels
Coal
Oil/gasoline
Natural gas
Cannot be
replenished by
natural process.
Negative human impact on environment
Soil erosion – loss of topsoil by water/wind
-Desertification
Deforestation
Overfishing
Air Pollution / smog
Acid Rain
Nitrogen and sulfur from
burning fossil fuels combines
with water vapor to form
nitric and sulfuric acids.
Biological Magnification
Concentrations of
toxins increases in
organisms at higher
trophic levels in a food
chain.
Ozone Depletion
Ozone layer
Molecules of O3
-absorbs harmful Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
-can damage ozone
CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons)
-Gases used as
aerosol sprays
refrigerator coolants
air conditioner coolants
tools to make plastic foam
Hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica:
Antarctic
2006
Antarctic
2014
Global Warming
 increase in average temp. of biosphere
Sudden rise in temps
due to the burning of
fossil fuels and the rise
of greenhouse gases.
Evidence
Concentration of carbon dioxide in
atmosphere have been rising for 200 years.
Burning of fossil fuels
Cutting and burning of forests
Greenhouse Effect: Natural & Necessary!
Build up of gases (carbon dioxide, methane)
Traps heat energy (like glass in a greenhouse)
Natural greenhouse effect is intensified if there is too much greenhouse gas.
Possible Effects of Global Warming
Melting polar ice and glaciers/ Rising sea levels / flooding
Long term effects: Extreme Weather, Loss of Habitats, Loss of Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Diverse ecosystems are more stable.
Threats To DiversityAltering habitats
Hunting to extinction
Introduction of toxic compounds into food webs
Introduction of invasive species
Extinction: when species disappear from all or part of its range.
Endangered species: in danger of extinction
Invasive Species
Introduced to a new habitat artificially
Reproduce rapidly
Lack parasites & predators
Nutria
-native to So. America
-destroying shore habitats in SE US
Kudzu vines
-native to Asia
-destroying trees in the US
Invasive Species in the Everglades
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRFebOSBM4
New Weapon Found to Fight Cane Toads In Australia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of33McpLbe4
Conservation
Wise management of natural resources, preservation of habitats & wildlife.
Endangered Species Act
National Parks
Earth Day
Earth Summit
Cycles of Matter in the Biosphere
Biogeochemical cycles:
Living organisms transform matter and recycle chemicals (atoms)
What is cycled?: Water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.
Water
Cycle
Transpiration
from the roots
to the leaves
Carbon Cycle (gaseous cycle)
CO2 in
Atmosphere
Releasing Carbon:
Respiration
Decomposition
Erosion
Volcanic activity
Mining
Cutting/burning
forests
Burning fossil fuels
CO2 in Ocean
Consuming Carbon:
photosynthesis
Storing Carbon Underground:
Burial/deposition of dead organisms
Nitrogen Cycle (gaseous cycle)- Driven by BACTERIA
Nitrogen is needed by ALL organisms to make proteins and DNA.
Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of atmosphere,
cannot be used directly by living organisms
Nitrogen fixation: Bacteria living in roots of legumes
convert N2 into ammonia – usable by
plants
Decomposition: Bacterial decomposers returns nitrogen to
the soil as ammonia.
Denitrification: Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen
gas.
Nitrogen gas
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
Ammonia
NO3and NO2Nitrates/Nitrites
Phosphorus Cycle (sedimentary cycle)
Phosphorus needed to make DNA, ATP, cell membranes and bones.
Doesn’t enter atmosphere like C, O, N
Stays in rock & soil minerals & ocean sediments
Plants pull inorganic phosphate from soil and water, and cycle it through the food web.
Phosphorus Cycle
Most commercial fertilizers have 3 numbers on the front label,
separated by dashes. For example: 5-10-5.
These numbers represent nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (or N-P-K),
in that order.
So if you purchased a bag of fertilizer labeled 5-10-5,
it would contain 5% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus and 5% potassium.
The remaining 80% is filler.
Limiting Nutrient
When a single nutrient is scarce or cycles slowly Limits primary productivity (rate at which food is created by producers)
Too much of a nutrient like phosphate from fertilizers or detergents
Algal Bloom Runs Off into water and algae grows too fast,
Algae dies off & decomposes using up all the oxygen
Fish die from suffocation
Too Much
Fertilizer
Used In
Agriculture