Transcript Ecology - Net Start Class

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Ecology (Section 3-1)
Energy flow (Section 3-2)
Cycles of Matter (Section 3-3)
Ecosystems (Section 4-1)
Biomes (Section 4-2)
Aquatic Ecosystems (Section 4-3)
How populations grow (Section 5-1)
Limits to population growth (Section 5-2)
Human population growth (Section 5-3)
K. Malone 2006
Ecology, Ch 3-5
Section 3-1
• Ecology = scientific study of Box 1
interactions between organisms, and
between organisms and their environment
• Eco comes from the Greek word “oikos” which
means “house,” so ecology is the study of YOUR
house-Earth!
Box 2
• Nature has many “houses”
– Biosphere = all parts of our earth where life exists
• No life is an island unto itself
Box 3
• Life depends on interactions between living and
non-living parts of the biosphere
• All life is inter-dependent
– Birds eat worms that live on leaves of trees, trees depend on
soil, sunlight and water
– Humans eat plants and animals, breathe air, and drink water,
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Ecology
Bio = life
Sphere = circle
Biosphere = The circle of Life!
6 Levels of Organization
1. Biome
Group of ecosystems with the same climate and similar dominant communities
(desert, tundra, taiga, temperate forest, tropical rainforest, artic)
2. Ecosystem
Collection of all organisms that live in a particular place, together with
the non-living parts of their environment
3. Communities
Assemblies of different populations living in a defined area
4. Populations
5. Species
Groups of individuals belonging to the same species and
living in the same area
Group of organisms so similar to one another they can
breed and produce fertile offspring
6. Individual
One member of a species
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Box 4
6 Levels of Organization
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Ecosystem
Community
Population
?
Species
Individual
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Biome
Producers produce
Sectionfood
3-2
• Everything needs energy
• What is the ultimate source of energy?
• The Sun!
Auto = self
Box 5
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Energy Flow
Troph = nourishment
• Energy flows through an ecosystemBox 5
• Producers = obtain energy directly from
the sun or capture energy from chemicals
– Autotrophs = plants, some algae, and certain
bacteria can capture the sun’s energy or use
chemicals to produce their own food
– Essential to the flow of energy through an
ecosystem
– Autotrophs are producers
I’m a
producer!
Box 6
I hate to break it to you, but you are not an autotroph.
• Photosynthesis = uses sunlightBox 8
energy to power chemical reactions
that convert CO2 and H2O into O2 and
energy-rich carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
– Plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria
• Without photosynthesis, you wouldn’t have
air to breathe or food to eat- you would DIE!
6CO2 + 6H2O
6O2 + C6H12O6
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Energy From the Sun!!
• Ok, you’re not an autotroph,
so what are you?
Box 9
• Heterotrophs = organisms that rely on
other organisms for their energy and food
supply
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• You consume animals and plants toBoxobtain
energy, you are a CONSUMER
• Types of heterotrophs: cow, sheep, caterpillar
–
–
–
–
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Consumers
Box 10
Herbivore – eats only plantssnakes, dogs, owls
humans, bears, crows
mites,
Carnivore- eats only animals
earthworms,
Omnivore- eats plants and animals
snails, crabs
Detritivore – eats plant and animal remains,bacteria,
dead fungi
things
Food Chains
Box 11
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• Energy flows in only ONE direction, from
the sun to autotrophs then heterotrophs
• Who eats who forms a network of feeding
relationships called a Food Chain
• Food Chain = series of steps in which organismsBox 12
transfer energy by eating or being eaten
• ALL food chains begin with producers, no
Box 12
exceptions!!!!
= Food Chain
Producers
1st level consumers
2nd level consumers
• Life isn’t simple, most ecosystems consist
of a series of food chains called Food Webs
• Food Web = links together all the Food
Box 13
Chains in an ecosystem
= Food Web
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Food Webs
Food Web
Each step in a food
chain or web is called
a Trophic Level.
Each trophic level
depends on the level
above and below it.
Top level
carnivores
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marsh
hawk
Box 14
clapper rail
(omnivore)
heron
shrew
1st level
consumers
plankton
eating fish
ribbed mussel
herbivores
harvest
mouse
(omnivore)
sandhopper
zooplankton
pickle weed
marsh grass
algae
detritus
decomposers
producers
Ecological Pyramids
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• Amounts of energy and matter in an ecosystem
can be represented by an ecological pyramid
• 10% Rule: only about 10% of the energy available
within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at
the
next level
Where did the 99.9% of the energy go?
Box 15
Energy Pyramid
3rd order consumers = 0.1%
0.1%
1%
10%
100%
Box 16
2nd order consumers = 1%
1st order consumers = 10%
Producers = 100%
Biomass Pyramid
• Biomass = total amount of living
tissue within a given trophic level
– Usually expressed in grams of organic matter/unit area
– Biomass pyramid represents total amount of potential food
available for each trophic level in an ecosystem
100 grams of human tissue
500 grams of chicken
1500 grams of grain
Typically, the greatest biomass is at
the base of the pyramid.
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Box
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• Each trophic level harvests only about one
tenth of energy from the level below it
Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.
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Pyramid of Numbers
Less top predators like the eagle
More 1st and 2nd order consumers, the prey
Producers, like plants, are the most abundant
Box 18
• Unlike the 1-way flow of energy in an
ecosystem, matter recycles in and
between ecosystems
Box 19
• Biogeochemical Cycles = elements,
chemical compounds, and other forms of matter
are passed from 1 organism to another and to
other parts of the biosphere
– Water cycle
– Nutrient cycles
• Nitrogen cycle
• Phosphorous cycle
• Carbon cycle
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Cycles of Matter
Section 3-3
Water Cycle
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• All living things depend on H2O
to survive
• It moves between the ocean,
atmosphere and land, constantly recycling
• Evaporation = process where H2O changes Box 20
from liquid to atmospheric gas
– Evaporation is from oceans or other
bodies of H2O
• Transpiration = H2O entering atmosphere
by evaporating from leaves of plants
Box 21
Water Cycle
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Box 22
condensation
precipitation
evaporation
transpiration
run off
seepage
root
uptake
• Nutrients = all the chemical substances
an organism needs to sustain life Box 23
– Producers obtain nutrients from their environment
– Consumers obtain nutrients by eating other organisms
• Every living organism needs nutrients to build
tissues and carry out essential life functions
• Like H2O, nutrients are passed between organisms
and the environment through biogeochemical
processes
Box 24are:
• The 3 Nutrient Cycles
– Carbon cycle
– Phosphorous cycle
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Nutrient Cycles
Carbon Cycle
• You are full of CHON, but Carbon
is the main ingredient of living tissue
• 4 main types of processes move carbon
through its cycle:
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Box 25
1. Biological processes = photosynthesis, respiration,
decomposition
Box 26
2. Geochemical processes = erosion and volcanic activity
release CO2 into the air and oceans
3. Mixed biogeochemical processes = burial and
decomposition of dead organisms, and their turning into
fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
4. Human activities = mining, cutting and burning forests,
burning fossil fuels,= release CO2 into air
Carbon Cycle
In the atmosphere –CO2 gas
In the oceans- dissolved CO2
On land –in organisms, rocks and soil
Underground –coal, oil and calcium
carbonate rock
Box 27
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in ocean
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Carbon is found in several large
reservoirs in the biosphere:
Nitrogen Cycle
• All organisms require nitrogen to make
amino acids, the building blocks of proteins
• Different forms of naturally occurring Nitrogen:
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Box 28
• Nitrogen gas (N2)- makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere
• Nitrogen containing substances – such as ammonia (NH3) and
nitrate ions (NO2-)
• Some bacteria “fix” nitrogen from the air,
converting nitrogen gas into ammonia = Nitrogen
fixation
• Live on roots of plants and in soil
• Consumers eat the plants and use the nitrogen to make
proteins
• Denitrification = when soil bacteria convert
nitrates into nitrogen gas, which is released into
Box 29
Box 30
• Phosphorous (P) is essential to living
organisms because it forms part of
important life-sustaining molecules
like DNA and RNA
• Despite its importance, P is not very
common in the biosphere
– P exists in the form of inorganic phosphate found in
rocks and soil
– P washes into rivers, streams and lakes where it
dissolves and eventually ends up in the ocean
– P also remains on land where it cycles between
organisms and the soil
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Phosphorous Cycle
P = phosphorous,
not pee
Box 31
P?
In our
rivers?
Nasty!
Ecosystems and
Communities
Section 4-1
Box 32
CO2, methane, H2O vapor, and a few
other atmospheric gases trap heat energy
and maintain Earth’s temperatures
• Act like windows of a greenhouse, keeping us
warm
Sunlight
• Greenhouse effect = heat retained
by a
Some heat
escapes
layer of greenhouse gases
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface
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• Greenhouse effect = (technical definition)
Parts of an Ecosystem
Section 4-2
• Biotic factors = living, biological,
factors that shape ecosystems
• Trees, mushrooms, bacteria, animals, flowers, etc.
• Abiotic factors = physical or non-living
factors that shape ecosystems
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Box 34
• Rocks, water, soil, air, sunlight
• Biotic + Abiotic factors determine the survival and
growth of an organism and the productivity of the
ecosystem
Biotic factors
Abiotic factors
• Habitat = an organism’s address,
where it lives
Box 34
• Niche = an organism’s occupation,
what it does in its habitat Box 35
– Includes:
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•
•
•
Where it fits into the food web
Type of food it eats
How it obtains food
When and how it reproduces
Bernie’s habitat
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Who Lives in an
Ecosystem
No one else
could do
MY job.
Bernie’s niche
• No 2 species can share the SAME habitat and the
SAME niche
• But, different species can occupy similar niches in
the same habitat
• Organisms constantly interact with
each other
– Community Interactions include:
1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Various forms of symbiosis
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Community Interactions
Box 36
1. Competition = occurs when organisms of the same or
different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the
Box 37
same place, at the same time
Resource = any necessity of life (H2O, nutrients, light, food, or
space)
Competitive Exclusion Principle = no 2 species can
Box 38
occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
Predation and Symbiosis
Box 39
Box 39
Symbiosis (sim-by-OH-sis)= any relationship in
which 2 species live closely together
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2. Predation = interaction in which 1 organism
captures and feeds on another organism
Clownfish in
Sea Anemone
Box 40
3 Main classes of Symbiotic Relationships:
•Mutualism = both species benefit from the relationship
Box 41
Ex.
Flowers and bee pollinators
•Commensalism = 1 member benefits and the other is neither
helped or harmed (doesn’t care) Ex. Clownfish live inside poisonous
sea anemones where they hide from predators, and in return, they clean
the anemones’ tentacles and drop pieces of food for it
•Parasitism = 1 member lives on or inside an organism and harms
it
Ex. Mistletoe is a parasitic plant, it can kill it’s host. Also,
Biomes
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Earth is divided into 10 biomes
Biome = a complex of terrestrial
communities covering a large area,
characterized by a certain type of soil and
climate, and contains particular types of
plants and animals
Earth’s 10 Biomes are:
Tropical rain forest
Temperate forests
Tropical dry forest
Northwestern Coniferous forest
Tropical savanna
Desert
Temperate wood and shrub-land
Boreal forest
Temperate grasslands
Tundra
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Section 4-3
Box 42
Box 43
Box 44
• 2 types of Freshwater ecosystems:
• Flowing Water Ecosystems – rivers, streams,
creeks, brooks, where H2O flows over land
– Estuaries – wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea (salt
marshes, mangrove swamps)
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 4-4
Box 44
• Standing Water Ecosystems – lakes and
ponds, where H2O collects and stays in a place,
and has some circulation
– Plankton and Phytoplankton are tiny free-swimming
organisms that live in standing freshwater and ocean
ecosystems
– Freshwater Wetland – ecosystem where
H2O either covers the soil or is just beneath
• Wetlands, bogs, swamps
Box 45
Marine Ecosystems
land
Coastal Ocean is rich in
plankton and phytoplankton
200m
1000m
Coastal
ocean
4000m
Open
ocean
Coral Reefs
are very diverse
and productive
environments
6000m
Photic zone
Light
penetrates
Aphotic zone
Ocean
trench
Continental
shelf
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Intertidal Zone- rough
and extreme environment
Continental slope and
continental rise
Abyssal
plain
No light
penetrates
10,000m
Box 46
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Deep Sea Bestiary
Anoplogaster cornuta
“Fangtooth”
Found in tropical and
temperate waters down
to 16,000 feet
Chauliodus sloani
“Viperfish”
Has such lengthy lower
fangs that they don't even
fit in its mouth, but rather
project back dangerously
close to the eyes
Cryptopsaras couesi
“Anglerfish”
the three luminescent
sacs just forward of her
dorsal fin, which lend her
her common name,
"triplewart sea devil."
Along with the lightable
lure above her eye, the
caruncles may also help
entice prey to within
striking distance
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More nasty beasts from the deep sea
Melanocetus johnsoni
“Anglerfish”
For all its ferocious aspect, the
"common black-devil," as this
species is known, reaches a
maximum length of five inches
Saccopharynx lavenbergi
“Gulpers”
Saccopharynx lavenbergi
“Umbrella Mouth Gulpers”
These babies can reach six feet
in length, have rows of sharp
little teeth, and, like pythons of
the deep, can swallow prey
much fatter than themselves.
They down victims whole.
Throws wide its loosely hinged
jaws and balloons out its mouth
to engulf hapless fishes.
Though a fearsome-looking
creature, the pelican eel is only
two feet long, including the whip
like tail. It lives in all the world's
oceans at depths exceeding
6,500 feet.
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And more!
Grammatostomias flagellibarba
Caulophryne polynema
“Stalked toad with many
filaments”
Only six inches long, but its chin barbel
can be six feet in length.
Has quill-like fin rays so it looks
more a porcupine!
Vampyroteuthis infernalis
“Vampire Squid”
Thaumatichthys axeli
"Prince Axel's wonder-fish."
Has a luminescent organ dangling
from the toothy jaws.
Has the largest eyes of any animal. A six-inch specimen
bears globular eyeballs the size of a large dog's. Such
impressive orbs, coupled with its wing-like fins and its
ability to turn on and off at will a constellation of
photophores -- tiny lights all over its body -- help this darkbodied beast find prey at the lightless depths at which it
lives, more than 3,000 feet down.
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More!
Harriotta raleighana
“Long-nosed chimaera ”
A touch of the venomous spine on the first dorsal fin can
kill a person, though such a fate is unlikely given the
8,000-foot depths at which this creature lives
Stylephorus chordatus
"tube-eye" and "thread-tail."
This balloonable cavity can expand to 38 times its original
size as the fish sucks in seawater through its tubular
mouth, as if through a straw. Once filled, the mouth closes
and the fish forces the water back out through its gills,
leaving behind a meal of plankton.
Lasiognathus saccostoma
“Lantern fish”
Comes equipped with nature's equivalent of a fishing rod,
complete with lure and three bony hooks.
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And finally, the ugliest of
them all..
Himantolophus groenlandicus
“Football fish”
With a face only a mother could love, he looks like a middle linebacker for the Pittsburgh Steelers, which
may have something to do with how it got its common name, the "footballfish." The species holds pride
of place as the first deep-sea angler ever found. The original specimen washed ashore in Greenland in
1833; at 22 inches long, it is still the largest one on record. Since no females of this species have ever
been found bearing parasitic males, biologists assume they are fertilized by free-swimming mates.
Ch 5- Populations
Section 5-1
K. Malone 2006
• 3 important characteristics of
populations:
1. Geographic distribution (where it is)
2. Density (how many live there)
Box 47
3. Growth rate (how fast is pop growing)
• Population Density = # of individuals per unit area
• Population Growth is affected by 3 factors:
Box 48
1. Number of births
2. Number of deaths
3. Number of individuals who enter or leave
Immigration = movement of
individuals IN to an area
Emigration = movement of
individuals OUT of an area
Exponential and Logistic Growth
Box 49
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• Exponential Growth = occurs when individuals in
a population reproduce at a constant rate
• Under ideal conditions with unlimited
resources, a population will grow exponentially
Box 50
• Logistic growth occurs when a population’s growth Oops! We ate
all the trash!
slows or stops
• Carrying Capacity = # of individuals the environment
Box 51
can support without undergoing deterioration
Maggots in a
Garbage Can
Box 52
Carrying capacity
Time (hours)
• Limiting factors = factor that causes
population growth to decrease
• Competition, predation, parasitism, drought and
other climate conditions, human disturbance
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Limits to Growth
Section 5-2
• Density-dependent factors = limiting
factors that depend on the populations
size
• Competition, predation, parasitism, disease
• Competition = when organisms compete
with each other for resources
– Too many people, too few jobs
Box 53
Predation
• Populations in nature are controlled by predation
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• Predator-Prey relationships = one of the
best mechanisms for population control
Relationship
Between Wolves and Moose on Royale Island (Lake 2400
Superior)
60
50
2000
40
1600
30
1200
20
800
0
400
0
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
Moose
1980
Wolves
1985
1990
1995
Box 54
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• Density-Independent Factors affect all
populations no matter what the size
• Weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles,
certain human activities (damming rivers, clear cutting
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Density-Independent
Factors
Box 55
forests)
– The Tsunami in Sri Lanka affected all populations there,
human, animal and plant
– Volcanic eruption of Mt. St. Helens affected
all populations in that area
– Mud slides in California have affected humans and
all other non-human populations
The largest world tsunamis generated by earthquakes during the last 55 years are:
1952 – Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East) – 18 to 19 meters high (< 2000 fatalities),
1960 – Chile – 25 meters high (< 500 fatalities),
1964 – Alaska – 67 meters (< 100 fatalities reported),
2004 - Indian Ocean - up to 30 meters high (< 200,000 deaths) - 8 countries affected on three continents.
Human Population Growth
Underdeveloped countries
tend to have higher
population growth rates, but
they also have higher death
rates – disease, famine, etc.
K. Malone 2006
• In 2000, the world had 6.1 billion human inhabitants.
• This number could rise to more than 9 billion in the next
50 years.
• For the last 50 years, world population multiplied more
rapidly than ever before, and more rapidly than it will ever
grow in the future.
Low growth rate
Low growth rate
So, what is China’s excuse?
Explosive growth rate
Very high growth rate
Higher growth rate
Low growth rate
Industrial
Revolution
begins
Agriculture
begins
Plowing
and
irrigation
Bubonic
plague
We had a long, slow start, but improvements in medicine, sanitation, agriculture,
energy use, and technology has allowed our population to grow exponentially.
So, what’s going to happen to us if this type of population growth continues?
Box 56
We will reach our carrying capacity – resources will be exhausted, disease,
famine, wars, natural disasters, or we’ll find a way to emigrate to new planets
and start all over again.
K. Malone 2006
How We Grew So Fast
Age Structures
U.S. Population
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Age-structure diagrams = (population profiles) graph the numbers of people in
different age groups in the population
Rwandan Population
More older people
(no reproducing)
Who can
reproduce
Who will
reproduce
• At the 2000 growth rate of 1.4 percent, the
world's 6.1 billion population yields an annual
increase of about 85 million people.
• Because of the large and increasing population size, the
number of people added to the global population will remain
high for several decades, even as growth rates continue to
decline.
• Between 2000 and 2030, nearly 100 percent of this annual
growth will occur in the less developed countries in Africa,
Asia, and Latin America
• Growth rates of >1.9 percent mean that populations would
double in about 36 years, if these rates continue
• So, when YOU are ~54 yrs old, there will be
~12.2 billion people on Earth- good luck finding a job!
(I’ll be ~70 and I won’t need a job anymore, whew!)
K. Malone 2006
What’s Going To Happen?
Copyright 2005, Population Reference Bureau