Transcript Chapter 15 Ecology and Biosphere

Chapter 15
Ecology and Biosphere
How do organisms interact among
other organisms and their
environment?
I. Ecology: study of the interactions between
organisms and the living and nonliving components
of their environment
A. Levels of Organization
1. Biosphere: highest level of
organization that includes all living things
on water, land, and air
2. Ecosystem: all of the organisms and
the nonliving environment found in a
particular place
3. Community: all the interacting organisms
living in an area
4. Population: all the members of a species that
live in one place at one time
5. Organism: simplest level, one specific
member of the species
Levels
B. Biotic and Abiotic factors
1. Biotic factors: living components of
the environment (bacteria, plants, animals)
2. Abiotic factors: nonliving factors of the
environment (temperature, humidity, pH,
sunlight, precipitation, and nutrients)
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Abiotic
Biotic
Ecosystem
C. Niche: way of life or the role the species plays in
its environment
1. Range of conditions that the species can
tolerate
2. Method of obtaining resources
3. Time of reproduction
4. All interactions with its environment
Niche
Niches of Warbler
II. Species interactions
A. Predation: one individual captures, kills, and
consumes another individual
1. Predator: one that captures and kills
2. Prey: one that is killed
3. Predations is a way to regulate
population size
4. Mimicry: harmless species resembles
a poisonous or distasteful species
B. Parasitism: one individual is harmed while the
other individual benefits
1. Parasite: feeds or lives on another
individual
2. Host: individual that is harmed
C. Competition: results when two or more species
try to use the same niche
1. Competitive exclusion: one species is
eliminated from a community because of
competition for the same limited resource
D. Mutualism: cooperative relationship in which
both species derive some benefit
1. Pollinators and the flower
2. Some species can not survive without the
other
Rhino and tick
bird
Lichens
E. Commensalism: one species benefits and
the other is not affected
Ø
Human Our eyelashes
are home to tiny mites
that feast on oil
secretions and dead
skin. Without harming
us, up to 20 mites may
be living in one eyelash
follicle.
Commensalism
Ø Organism is not affected
+
+
Organism benefits
Demodicids Eyelash mites
find all they need to survive
in the tiny follicles
of eyelashes. Magnified
here 225 times, these
creatures measure 0.4 mm
in length and can be seen
only with a microscope.
III. Energy transfer
A. Producers: organisms that capture energy
from the sun or inorganic molecules
1. Autotrophs: plants and some
protists and bacteria
2. Biomass: all the organic material
in the ecosystem
B. Consumers: obtain energy by consuming
organic molecules made by other organisms
1. Heterotrophs: animals, protists, fungi,
and bacteria
2. Herbivores: eat producers
3. Carnivores: eat other consumers
4. Omnivores: eat both producers and
consumers
5. Detritivores: consumers that feed on the
recently dead
6. Decomposers: cause decay by breaking
down molecules in dead tissues and waste
Producers and Consumers
C. Energy flow: when one organism eats
another, molecules are metabolized and energy
is transferred
1. Trophic level: indicates the organism’s
position in the sequence of energy transfers
a) first level: producers
b) second level: herbivores
c) third level: carnivores
2. Food chain: single pathway of feeding
relationships among organisms in an
ecosystem
3. Food web: interrelated food chains in an
ecosystem
Create a Food Web (10 pts)
1. Pick an ecosystem and write it at the top
(Forest, ocean, river, rain forest, desert, etc)
2. Pick 3 producers (draw them out, may write
the names underneath)
3. Pick 3 herbivores (draw them out, may write
the names underneath)
4. Pick 2 carnivores (draw them out, may write
the names underneath)
5. Draw arrows to show what they are eating
6. Add color and put your name on it
IV. Ecosystem recycling
A. Water cycle: movement of water between air,
oceans, lakes, and ground
1. Evaporation: water from ocean and lakes is
heated by the sun and turned into water vapor in the
atmosphere
2. Transpiration: water evaporates from the leaves
of plants into the atmosphere
3. The water vapor forms clouds and water
droplets
4. Precipitation: water vapor changes into rain,
snow, or sleet and falls to the ground
5. The water can flow back into oceans and
lakes or seep into the ground
Water cycle
B. Carbon Cycle
1. Plants use carbon in the form of carbon
dioxide during photosynthesis
2. Plants and animals give off carbon dioxide
during cellular respiration
3. Decomposers release carbon dioxide into the air
when they break down organic compounds
4. Human activities add carbon to the atmosphere
(burning fossil fuels and burning forests)
Carbon cycle
C. Nitrogen cycle
1. All organisms need nitrogen to make proteins and
nucleic acids
2. 78% of atmosphere is nitrogen gas, but most
living things can not use it in this form
3. Nitrogen fixation: process of converting
nitrogen gas into ammonia and is done by
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
4. Plants can absorb the ammonia produced by the
bacteria
5. Animals need to eat the plants
Nitrogen cycle
V. Terrestrial Ecosystems
A. Biome: very large terrestrial ecosystems
that contain a number of smaller but related
ecosystems
1. Biomes have characteristic plants and
animals
2.Change between biomes is gradual, so
there are no exact boundaries
B. Seven major biomes
1. Tundra: cold and largely treeless
2. Taiga: forested with cone-bearing evergreen
trees
3. Temperate deciduous forests: trees that lose
their leaves in fall
4. Temperate grasslands: dominated by
grasses and usually form in the interior of
continents
5. Deserts: areas that receive less than 9.9 inches
of rainfall per year
6. Savannas: tropical or subtropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
7. Tropical rain forests: tall trees, near the equator
and abundant rainfall
Tundra and Mountains
Mt. McKinley in Denali National
Park: Alaska
Rocky Mt. National Park
Taiga
Glacier National Park: Montana
Temperate Forest
Point Beach State Forest
Manitowoc River
Temperate Grasslands
Desert
Arches National Park: Utah
Savanna
Tropical Rainforest
Belize
Costa Rica Rainforest
Glaciers/ Polar Regions
Seward, Alaska
VI. Aquatic ecosystems
A. Ocean Zones: 70% of Earth
1. Average depth of 2.3 miles and deepest parts
are 6.8 miles
2. Water contains 3 % salt and varying
amounts of light
a) photic zone: part of ocean that
receives sunlight
b) aphotic zone: does not receive
sunlight
3. Zones extending out from land
a) intertidal zone: along ocean shores,
tides produce rise and fall of water
b) neritic zone: from intertidal to
continental shelf and usually shallow
c) ocean zone: beyond continental shelf and
deep water
Zones of the Marine Ecosystem
Coastal
Photic
Zone
Aphotic
Open
Zone
Ocean
Ocean
Trench
Coral Reef: St. John- U.S. Virgin
Islands
Brain Coral
Elkhorn Coral
Moon Jellyfish
Squid
Butterfly Fish
Sting Ray
Green Sea Turtle Movies
Coastal Region
Trunk Bay, St. John
Belize
B. Estuaries: freshwater rivers flow into the ocean
1. Variation of the amount of saltwater and
freshwater
2. Shallow and changes with the tides
3. Mangrove trees: adaptations that allow them
to take up saltwater and to eliminate the salt
Mangroves
Florida Keys
Belize
C. Freshwater Zones: low levels of salt (.005%)
1. Lakes and Ponds
a) eutrophic: rich in organic matter and
vegetation so water is murky
b) oligotrophic: little organic matter and
water is clear
2. Rivers and streams: water that flows down a
gradient or slope towards its mouth
Freshwater Zones
Pine River: Florence County WI
Lake Michigan: Sleeping Bear Dunes