Transcript secondary succession

COMMUNITY
ECOLOGY
What is a community?
Many species living closely
together, so that they interact
with each other.
What
is a species?
Interspecific Interactions
 Interaction between 2 or more
species that use the same
resource
 Competition must occur:
interference competition actual fighting occurs
interspecific competition consumption or use of similar
resource
Competitive Exclusion Principle
What is meant by an
ecological niche?
Fundamental / Realized
Niches
Resource Partitioning of Lizards
Character Displacement
Among the Galapagos Finches
Symbiosis
Close association between
two species
Clownfish Among
Sea Anemone’s Tentacles
Cleaning Symbiosis
Mutualism Between Ants
and Acacia Tree
Commensalism Between Ox
Peckers and Cape Buffalo
Commensalism
Parasitism
Camouflage in the Anglerfish
Swallowtail Butterfly
Anti-predatorLarva
Defenses
South
American
Lantern
Fly
Batesian Mimicry
Hawk Moth
Larva
Green Parrot
Snake
Müllerian mimicry: Cuckoo bee
(left), yellow jacket (right)
Mimicry Among Insects
Batesian (a, b, c); Mullerian (d, e)
Flower Fly
Longhorn Beetle
Moth
Yellowjacket
Bumblebee
Aposematic Coloration
Nudibranch
Chemical
Defense
and
Aposematic
coloration
are seen
here:
Cryptic
coloration
is seen
here
Deceptive Coloration: Moth with
“Eyeballs"
Parasites are also +/- Symbiotic
Interaction
 Endoparasites
 Ectoparasites
 Parasitoids
- insects (usually
wasps) that lay eggs on other
insects and larvae feed on the
host.
Plant Defenses Against
Predators:
What defense
is seen here?
Other Defenses:
• Chemicals that cause plant to
taste bad
Interspecific Interactions:
What
is coevolution?
What
factors will be the
most significant in
determining the structure
of a community?
Species Diversity
Combination of two factors:
1) Richness - number of
different species
2) Relative Abundance number of individuals in
each species
Trophic Structure
 The different feeding
relationships between organisms
 According
to the “rules of ten,”
approximately 10% of the
potential energy stored in the
bonds of organic molecules at one
trophic level fuels the growth and
development of organisms at the
next trophic level
.
Trophic Structure
 Five examples:
1. Primary Producers
2. Primary Consumers
3. Secondary Consumers
4. Tertiary Consumers
5. Decomposers and
Detrivores
Trophic Structure
Tertiary Consumer: snake (10 KCAL)
Secondary Consumer: mouse (100 KCAL)
Primary Consumer: grasshopper
(1,000 KCAL)
Primary Producers: grass (10,000 KCAL)
Species with a Large Impact
•Dominant Species
•Keystone Species
Keystone Species
Sea Otters as Keystone
Predators
Disturbances Influence Species
Diversity and Composition
Ex:
Succession –
predictable changes that
occur in community over
time
primary succession - soil
never formed before
secondary succession existing community was
disturbed and returned to
original state.
Lichens
Moss
These are classic pioneer
species.
Lichens
Moss With Sporophytes
Gametophytes
Large-scale Disturbance:
Eruption of Mount St. Helens
Patchiness and Recovery Following a
Large-Scale Disturbance
Secondary Succession
Eventually
a climax
community
usually
results.
Climax Community
Community
that remains
essentially the same over long
periods of time.
It
is the final stage of
ecological succession.
Name the three types of
symbiotic relationships.